Editing Carbon, Iowa (section)

== History ==
Carbon is located on the Middle Nodaway River. This was home to the Pottawatomie, Oto and Iowa Indian tribes, until the treaty of 1851 forced their removal to [[Kansas]] or Indian Territory, now known as [[Oklahoma]]. The first settler to Carbon was Elijah Walters, who established a sawmill there in 1849. He reported seeing huts and old camp fires but stated that the tribes had moved on, only to see an occasional "red man" appear and look over old camp sites and burial sites, then move on. Elijah built a mill on the Middle Nodaway river that became a great social center of its time.<ref>Roger Cox, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090418083837/http://incolor.inetnebr.com/rgcox/adamhist.htm Elijah Walters First Settler Adams County], Apr 18, 2009.</ref>

The village was originally named Walters, after its first settler, but was renamed Carbon after the discovery of coal. The city was established in 1873, but was not incorporated until July 18, 1903.<ref>Tom Savage, Carbon, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DxagLIZHNv4C&pg=PA48 A Dictionary of Iowa Place-Names], University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, 2007; page 48.</ref><ref>https://sos.iowa.gov/business/pdf/inccities.pdf</ref>  A post office was established in Carbon in 1874, but from 1877 to 1880, the name was changed to Shinn.<ref>Carbon Post Office, in the [http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1968906 USGS Geographic Names Information System]</ref>

By the time of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], there were small coal mines along the riverbanks near Carbon.<ref name=GeologicSurvey1909>Henry Hinds, Adams County, Part VI -- Coal Deposits of Southwestern Iowa, The Coal Deposits of Iowa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1BUMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA391 Annual Report with Accompanying Papers, 1908], Iowa Geological Survey, 1909; pages 391-396.</ref> In 1894, there were nine coal mines in Carbon, of which five were then in use. Typical mine shafts were 80 feet deep, working a coal seam 12 to 20 inches (30 to 50&nbsp;cm) thick. The town at that time was described as a [[Mining community|mining camp]].<ref>Charles Rollin Keyes, Adams County, Chapter XI, Coal Deposits of Southwestern Iowa, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0FlEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA449 Coal Deposits of Iowa], Iowa Geological Survey, Des Moines, 1894; pages 449-450.</ref>  Unlike the vast majority of Iowa's coal camps, the [[United Mine Workers of America|UMWA]] had no union local in Carbon between 1900 and 1912; during that period, most of Iowa's coal camps were organized, and the largest UMWA locals in the country were based in [[Buxton, Iowa|Buxton]] and [[Centerville, Iowa]].<ref>Trade Unions in Iowa – Table No. 1, Mine Workers of America, United, [https://books.google.com/books?id=5dooAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA232 Tenth Biennial Report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the State of Iowa, 1901–1902], Murphy, Des Moines, 1903; page 232.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cfAUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1038 Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Convention of the United Mine Workers of America] Jan. 16 – Feb. 2, 1912, Indianapolis; page 78A.</ref>

By 1908, it was estimated that the total coal production of the county had exceeded 350,000 tons, despite the lack of any rail connections. Most of this was from the Carbon area. Coal from the Carbon mines was sold locally, with some sold as far away as [[Corning, Iowa|Corning]] and other towns within a 25-mile radius. The two most notable mines in the area in 1908 were the Jones, Smith and Tindall mine, a new mine employing 25 miners, 1/4 mile south of Carbon and the J.F. Ruth mine, a year-old mine employing 30 miners, 1/2 mile northeast of town. Both used horse [[Whim (mining)|whims]] to power their hoists, and had minimal safety features.  At the time, one other mine had recently been closed by a cave-in, and another was just being opened.<ref name=GeologicSurvey1909 />

The heyday of the Carbon coal mines lasted approximately 75 years, beginning in the late 19th century and ending in the early 20th century. Carbon has always been known as a lawless town for those that like to fight.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Many a gun fight did take place in the streets when the coal mines were booming.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Until 1998, the only water supply was on what is now called the "pump road". On the edge of this road, sits an old hand pump. The pump has stood for over 100 years. Horse-drawn wagons would carry ice from the river and water from the pump back to town. Only one home within the Carbon city limits had a well. It was only in the late 1990s that rural water was finally piped in.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}