Editing Carabinieri (section)

== History ==
=== Early history ===
Inspired by the French [[gendarmerie]], the corps was created by King [[Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia]] with the aim of providing the [[Savoyard state]] of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)|Kingdom of Sardinia]] with a police corps. After French soldiers had occupied [[Turin]] at the end of the 18th century and later abandoned it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Royal Carabinieri Corps was instituted under the Royal Patents of 13 July 1814.<ref name=cab /> The name is derived from the French word ''carabinier'', meaning "[[soldier]] armed with a [[carbine]]."<ref>{{cite web | title=Origin and meaning of carabinieri| website=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/carabinieri | access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>

The new force was divided into divisions on the scale of one division for each province. The divisions were further divided into companies and subdivided into lieutenancies, which commanded and coordinated the local police stations and were distributed throughout the national territory in direct contact with the public.<ref name=cab />
[[File:Carb1875.jpg|thumb|Photo of a carabiniere around 1875. The 'Medal of Italian Independence' is worn, indicating a veteran of the [[Risorgimento]] (The Wars for Italian Unification).]]
In 1868, the [[Cuirassiers Regiment (Italy)|Cuirassiers Regiment]] or ''Corazzieri'' was formed, initially as a cavalry escort of honour for the sovereign, and since 1946 for the President of the Republic.<ref name=cab /> The Italian unification saw the number of divisions increased,<ref name=cab /> and on 24 January 1861, the ''Carabinieri'' were appointed the "First Force" of the new national military organization.<ref name=cab />
[[File:0 Chapeau de la grande tenue des Carabiniers italiens.JPG|thumb|Carabinier's bicorne.]]
In May 1915, Italian troops marched to encompass [[South Tyrol]], a territory of their former allies [[Austria-Hungary]], in the [[Italian Campaign (World War I)|Italian front]] . The defenders had sufficient time to prepare strong fortifications there, and at the [[Karst Plateau]] to the east. The Italians, under the overall command of General [[Luigi Cadorna]], found themselves repeatedly repulsed in harsh fighting. The role of the Carabinieri was to act as [[barrier troops]], setting up machine gun posts to control the rear of the attacking regiments and prevent desertion.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Mark|title=The White War|year=2009|publisher=Faber|location=London|isbn=978-0-571-22334-3|page=227}}</ref>

=== 1930s and 1940s ===
During [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)]] under [[Benito Mussolini]], the Carabinieri were one of the police forces entrusted with suppressing opposition in Italy.<ref name="collab">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZQlNLN3YXQC&pg=PA274 |title=The Oxford illustrated history of Italy – Google Books |access-date=2009-09-19|isbn=978-0-19-820527-2|year=1997|last1=Holmes |first1=George |last2=Holmes |first2=Chichele|page=274|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> During the same period, while part of the [[Italian African Police]] (mainly in the late 1930s), they were involved in atrocities<ref>{{cite web | title=Massacres and Atrocities of WWII in the Axis Countries | website=members.iinet.net.au | url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_axis.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194232/http://members.iinet.net.au/~gduncan/massacres_axis.html | archive-date=2016-03-03 | url-status=live | access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/petros2_abuna.html |title=Pétros, Ethiopia, Orthodox |publisher=Dacb.org |access-date=2009-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228190751/http://www.dacb.org/stories/ethiopia/petros2_abuna.html |archive-date=2010-12-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Adejumobi|first=Saheed A.|title=The History of Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-U7aydmefrgC&pg=PA78| year=2007| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn=978-0-313-32273-0|page=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mockler|first=Anthony|title=Haile Selassie's War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCb_nQEACAAJ&pg=PA175|year=2003|publisher=Signal Books|isbn=978-1-902669-53-3|page=175}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.linkethiopia.org/guide/pankhurst/ethiopian_patriots/ethiopian_patriots_4.html |title=The Pankhurst History Library |publisher=[[Link Ethiopia]] |access-date=2009-09-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706001537/http://www.linkethiopia.org/guide/pankhurst/ethiopian_patriots/ethiopian_patriots_4.html |archive-date=2010-07-06 }}</ref> in colonial [[Italian East Africa]] during the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]. During [[World War II]], they fought in their function as military police against the Allied forces, and against [[Yugoslav Partisans]] as part of the Italian occupation force of the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].

After the [[fall of the Fascist regime in Italy]] on 25 July 1943, on the orders of the king, Mussolini was arrested by the Carabinieri as he left the [[Villa Ada|king's private residence]] in Rome and subsequently imprisoned on [[Campo Imperatore]] by Carabinieri forces. After the [[armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces]] on 3 September 1943 and the country's split into the fascist [[Italian Social Republic]] in the north and the [[Kingdom of Italy]] in the south, the Carabinieri split into two groups.

In the Kingdom of Italy, the Carabinieri Command for Liberated Italy was founded in Bari, mobilizing new units for the Italian war of liberation. These units were attached to the Italian Liberation Corps and the six Italian Combat Groups of the [[Italian Co-Belligerent Army]], fighting with the Allied forces.

In the fascist Social Republic in the North, the regime organized the [[National Republican Guard (Italy)|National Republican Guard]] (composed of Carabinieri, former officers from the [[Italian African Police]], [[Guardia di Finanza]] and customs police), to employ it as a military police and rapid-deployment anti-guerrilla force. GNR was later joined (but not taken over) by the [[Black Brigades]], which represented a new militant incarnation of the Fascist party.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

Due to the role the Carabinieri had played in the downfall of Mussolini, and since one of the few units which fought the German occupation of Rome were the [[Granatieri di Sardegna Mechanized Brigade]] regiments and the II Carabinieri cadet battalion, the Germans did not view the Carabinieri as loyal to the fascist cause. They disarmed the force and began the deportation of 8,000 officers to Germany for [[forced labour]] on 6 October 1943; the Italian Colonial Police took over their jobs.<ref>{{cite book |last=Paehler |first=Katrin |title=The Third Reich's Intelligence Services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KphUDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA202 |year=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15719-4 |page=202}}</ref>

Subsequently, large numbers of Carabinieri joined the [[Italian resistance movement]] to fight German and Italian fascists.<ref>{{cite book |last=Friesendorf |first=Cornelius|title=How Western Soldiers Fight: Organizational Routines in Multinational Missions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgpaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA83|year=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-42910-8 |page=83}}</ref> Nonetheless, some 45,000 officers remained on the job and as of March 1944, this group was the only national security force in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Battistelli |first1=Pier Paolo|last2=Crociani|first2=Piero|title=World War II Partisan Warfare in Italy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zECXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |year=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-0894-3|page=14}}</ref>

After the war the Carabinieri counted at least 2735 fallen and 6500 wounded, out of approximately 14,000 who had joined the Resistance in northern and central Italy. In Yugoslavia, the Carabinieri formed a battalion of the Italian [[182nd Armored Infantry Regiment "Garibaldi"]], which fought alongside the Yugoslav partisans against the [[Wehrmacht]] and the Croatian [[Ustaše]]. The battalion lost over 80% of its members in combat and was awarded the [[Silver Medal of Military Valor]] to commemorate the fallen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carabinieri.it/Internet/Arma/Curiosita/Non+tutti+sanno+che/R/21+R.htm |title=Arma dei Carabinieri – Home – L'Arma – Curiosità – Non tutti sanno che... - R |publisher=Carabinieri.it |access-date=2009-09-19}}</ref><ref name="milhist">{{cite web|url=http://www.carabinieri.it/Internet/Multilingua/EN/MilitaryOperations/ |title=Arma dei Carabinieri – Home - > – EN – Military Operations |publisher=Carabinieri.it |access-date=2009-09-19}}</ref>

One notable act of heroism in this era came from Vice [[Brigadier#Italy|Brigadiere]] [[Salvo D'Acquisto]], who was executed by [[Nazi Germany]] in Palidoro (near [[Rome]]) during World War II. D'Acquisto exchanged his life for the lives of citizens due to be executed in retaliation for the killing of a German soldier; instead, he claimed responsibility and was executed for the offence.<ref>{{cite book|title=Italy Justice System and National Police Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qnL4EMUhaSEC&pg=PA196|date=22 April 2018|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-2542-0|page=196}}</ref>

=== Present day ===
[[File:Alfa-Romeo159-Carabinieri-di-Roma.JPG|thumb|[[Alfa Romeo 159]]]]
The Carabinieri were in the forefront of many internal conflicts in Italy in the late 20th century, such as the [[Years of Lead (Italy)|Years of Lead]] (against the [[Red Brigades]]) and the [[Second Mafia War]] (against the [[Corleonesi Mafia]]).<ref name=Ginzburg>[[Carlo Ginzburg]], ''The Judge and the Historian. Marginal Notes and a Late-Twentieth-century Miscarriage of Justice'', London 1999, {{ISBN|1-85984-371-9}}. Original ed. 1991.</ref><ref name="ricerca.repubblica.it">{{cite web|url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/2003/10/11/strage-alla-circonvallazione-sicari-adesso-hanno-un.html|title=Strage alla circonvallazione i sicari adesso hanno un volto - la Repubblica.it|date=11 October 2003 }}</ref> They participated, and lost men, in events such as the [[Peteano massacre]] in 1972,<ref name="Provvisionato Corriere 1">{{cite news | author = Sandro Provvisionato | url = http://www.corriere.it/europeo/cronache/2009/11/apertura-tre-anni-che-sconvolsero-italia_58dacb9e-d296-11de-a0b4-00144f02aabc.shtml | title = I tre anni che sconvolsero l'Italia | work = [[Corriere della Sera]] | date = 16 November 2009 | access-date = 10 January 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110125052829/http://www.corriere.it/europeo/cronache/2009/11/apertura-tre-anni-che-sconvolsero-italia_58dacb9e-d296-11de-a0b4-00144f02aabc.shtml | archive-date = 25 January 2011 }}</ref> [[Circonvallazione massacre]] in 1982,<ref name="ricerca.repubblica.it"/> and the murder of [[Emanuele Basile]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walker|first1=Keith|title=73-year-old Sicilian Sergio Mattarella is Italy's new president|url=http://www.euronews.com/2015/01/31/73-year-old-sicilian-sergio-mattarella-is-new-president-of-italy/|access-date=February 5, 2015|work=Euronews|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=January 31, 2015}}</ref> Until 2000, the Carabinieri were part of the [[Italian Army]]. On 31 March 2000, they were separated to become the fourth branch of the Italian Armed Forces.<ref name=cab /> [[Interpol]] summarizes this force (part of the Ministry of Defence) as having a "nationwide remit for crime investigations. It also serves as the military police for the Italian armed forces and can be called upon for national defence action."<ref>{{cite web | title=Italy | website=INTERPOL | url=https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Europe/ITALY | access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>

According to [[Europol]] (the EU's law enforcement agency), the Carabinieri Corps' military duties include "contributing to national defence, participating in military operations in Italy and abroad, executing military police functions and ensuring the security of Italian diplomatic and consular representations". As a national police force, it "carries out public order and security policing, as well as investigative activities on its own initiative or at the request of the judicial authorities". Europol also states that the force is "supplemented by the Specialized Carabinieri Commands, responsible for safeguarding the primary interests of the community: from the protection of the environment, health, work and national cultural heritage, to the observance of community and agri-food regulations, to the suppression of forgery [of] currency".
<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=https://www.europol.europa.eu/partners-agreements/member-states/italy |title=Italy |date=7 March 2018 |publisher=Europol |access-date=28 July 2019 }}</ref>

In recent years Carabinieri units have been dispatched on [[peacekeeping]] missions, including [[Kosovo war|Kosovo]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]], and [[Iraq War|Iraq]]. In 2003, 12 Carabinieri [[2003 Nasiriyah bombing|were killed in a suicide bombing]] on their base in [[Nasiriyah]], near [[Basra]] in southern Iraq, in the largest Italian military loss of life in a single action since the [[World War II|Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.carabinieri.it/arma/ieri/storia/vista-da-2015/fascicolo-43/la-strage-di-nassiriya |title=Arma dei Carabinieri – La strage di Nassiriya |publisher=Carabinieri.it |access-date=2016-04-17}}</ref> One of the previous projects included training and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces, the Afghan National Police, and the Afghan National Civil Order Police. In Iraq, Carabinieri have trained 13,000 police officers; during the ISIS destruction of historic sites, Italy dispatched troops from the Carabinieri's Command to protect cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web | last=Braw | first=Elisabeth | title=For Not-Quite-Wars, Italy Has a Useful Alternative to Traditional Troops | website=Defense One | date=2018-04-16 | url=https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2018/04/todays-not-quite-wars-italy-has-alternative-traditional-troops/147457/ | access-date=2019-08-29}}</ref>

At the Sea Island Conference of the [[G8]] in 2004, Carabinieri were given a mandate to establish a [[Centre of Excellence for Stability Police Units]] to spearhead the development of training and doctrinal standards for civilian police units attached to international peacekeeping missions.<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/pksoi/Docs/policeunits.pdf
 |title=Formed Police Units Workshop and Seminar
 |access-date=2007-05-15
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616220931/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/pksoi/Docs/policeunits.pdf
 |archive-date=2007-06-16
}} Issue Paper No. 2006-04, US Army Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute, January 2007.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1080/09662839.2012.747511|title = The European Gendarmerie Force: A solution in search of problems?|journal = European Security|volume = 22|pages = 1–20|year = 2013|last1 = Arcudi|first1 = Giovanni|last2 = Smith|first2 = Michael E.|doi-access = free}}</ref>

The [[State Forestry Corps]] was dissolved on 31 December 2016 and personnel with forestry police function were militarized and absorbed by the Carabinieri.