Editing Carabao (section)

==Names and etymology==
[[File:2011 Feb, Puerto Princesa to Nasiduan, 10.jpg|thumb|A female carabao ({{lang|es|caraballa}}) with calf]]

The [[English language|English]] term "carabao" is borrowed from the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word {{lang|es|carabao}}, which is derived from Eastern [[Visayan languages|Visayan]] (likely [[Waray language|Waray]]) {{lang|war|karabàw}}.<ref name="roberts">{{cite book |last=Roberts |first=E. A. |title=A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the Spanish Language with Families of Words based on Indo-European Roots |volume=I (A–G) |publisher=XLibris LLC |date=2014 |page=311 |isbn=9781493191109 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gYtvAwAAQBAJ&q=carabao+etymology+malay}}</ref><ref name="scott90">{{cite journal|author=William Henry Scott|year=1990|title=Sixteenth-century Visayan Food and Farming|journal=Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society|volume=18|issue=4|pages=291&ndash;311|jstor=29792029}}</ref> The female is called (in Spanish) a {{lang|es|caraballa}}. [[Cognate]]s include [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] {{lang|ceb|kábaw}}, [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] {{lang|tl|kalabáw}}, [[Kavalan language|Kavalan]] {{lang|ckv|qabaw}}, [[Minangkabau language|Minangkabau]] ''kabau'', [[Malay language|Malay]] ''kerbau'', [[Javanese language|Javanese]] {{lang|jv|kebo}}, and Indonesian [[Dutch language|Dutch]] {{lang|nl|karbouw}}.<ref name=Cockrill1977>{{cite book |editor-last=Cockrill |editor-first=W. R. |series=Animal Production and Health Series |volume=4 |title=The Water Buffalo |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |date=1977 |isbn=978-9251001080 |url=http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf |access-date=February 23, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616141330/http://www4.zetatalk.com/docs/Animal_Power/The_Water_Buffalo_1977.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref> These [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] terms appear to be loanwords from the [[Austroasiatic languages]] and likely derive from a secondary pre-colonial introduction of water buffaloes into [[Island Southeast Asia]] via western [[Indonesia]].<ref name="Blust"/><ref name="kabaw">{{cite web |title=Kabaw|url=http://www.binisaya.com/cebuano/kabaw|website=Binisaya – Cebuano Dictionary and Thesaurus|publisher=Bin|access-date=August 10, 2017}}</ref>

However, it is also clear that [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesians]] already had ancient terms for the carabao, reconstructed as [[Proto-Austronesian]] *qaNuaŋ. Cognates include [[Papora language|Papora]] {{lang|ppu|loan}}, [[Thao language|Thao]] {{lang|ssf|qnuwan}}, [[Siraya language|Siraya]] {{lang|fos|luang}}, [[Rukai language|Rukai]] {{lang|dru|nwange}}, [[Ilocano language|Ilocano]] {{lang|ilo|nuang}}, [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] {{lang|tl|anwang}} or {{lang|tl|anowang}}, [[Kankanaey language|Kankanaey]] {{lang|kne|nuang}}, [[Isneg language|Isneg]] {{lang|isd|nuang}}, [[Itawis language|Itawis]] {{lang|itv|nwang}}, [[Bontoc language|Bontoc]] {{lang|bnc|nuwang}}, [[Ifugao language|Ifugao]] {{lang|ifb|nuwang}}, and [[Aklanon language|Aklanon]] {{lang|akl|anwang}}. Cognates survive into [[Sulawesi]], but the terms there apply to the related [[anoa]]. Similarly, [[Hanunoo language|Hanunó'o]] {{lang|hnn|anwang}} also refers to the [[tamaraw]] of [[Mindoro]], rather than the carabao. These terms spread southwards from Taiwan, indicating that domesticated carabaos were carried partially into the Philippines during the [[Austronesian expansion]], but didn't move further south into the rest of [[Island Southeast Asia]] until the second introduction from [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. The reason for this is unknown.<ref name="Blust">{{cite web |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |title=*qaNuaŋ |url=https://www.trussel2.com/ACD/acd-s_q.htm#27616 |website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary |access-date=7 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="scott90"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zorc |first1=R. David Paul |title=Core Etymological Dictionary of Filipino |date=1982 |publisher=Darwin Community College, PNC-La Salle-Ateneo Consortium, Linguistic Society of the Philippines, Surian ng Wikang Pambansa |volume=fasc. 3|url=https://zorc.net/publications/041=CEDOF%233(1982).pdf}}</ref>

Other native names for carabaos include {{lang|tl|[[wikt:damulag|damulag]]}} in Tagalog, [[Bikol language|Bikol]], and [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]]; {{lang|pag|dueg}} in [[Pangasinan language|Pangasinan]]; and {{lang|ivv|pagad}} in [[Ivatan language|Ivatan]].<ref name="Estrada-Villegas">{{cite book |last1=Estrada-Villegas |first1=Valente |title=Carabao Husbandry |date=1952 |publisher=D.P. Perez |location=Manila |page=24}}</ref> The resemblance of the word "carabao"  to ''[[caribou]]'' is coincidental, and they do not share a common etymology — an example of a [[false cognate]].