Editing Captain America (section)

==Publication history==
{{see also|List of Captain America titles}}

===Creation and development===
{{Quote box
 |quote  = "It was a time of deep passion. Hitler was grabbing all of Europe, we had Nazis in America, Nazis holding [[1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden|mass meetings in Madison Square Garden]]. [...] Captain America was created in that atmosphere, he was a natural outgrowth of the passionate mood of the country."
 |author = – [[Jack Kirby]]<ref name="KirbyInterview"/>
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In 1940, [[Timely Comics]] publisher [[Martin Goodman (publisher)|Martin Goodman]] responded to the growing popularity of [[superhero comics]] – particularly [[Superman]] at rival publisher [[National Comics Publications]], the corporate predecessor to [[DC Comics]] – by hiring freelancer [[Joe Simon]] to create a new superhero for the company.{{sfn|Dutter|1990|pp=10–11}} Simon began to develop the character by determining who their nemesis could be, noting that the most successful superheroes were defined by their relationship with a compelling villain, and eventually settled on [[Adolf Hitler]].{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=32}}{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} He rationalized that Hitler was the "best villain of them all" as he was "hated by everyone in the free world",{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} and that it would be a unique approach for a superhero to face a real-life adversary rather than a fictional one.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=32}}{{efn|According to Simon, Goodman initially opposed using Hitler as a villain owing to the possibility of Hitler being killed prior to the release of the first issue.{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}}}}

This approach was also intentionally political. Simon was stridently opposed to the actions of [[Nazi Germany]] and supported U.S. intervention in [[World War II]], and intended the hero to be a response to the American [[United States non-interventionism#Non-interventionism before entering World War II|non-interventionism movement]].{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=36}} Simon initially considered "Super American" for the hero's name, but felt there were already multiple comic book characters with "super" in their names.{{sfn|Simon|Simon|2003|pp=50–51}} He worked out the details of the character, who was eventually named "Captain America", after he completed sketches in consultation with Goodman.{{sfn|Dutter|1990|pp=10–11}} The hero's civilian name "Steve Rogers" was derived from the telegraphy term "[[Roger (radio communications)|roger]]", meaning "message received".{{sfn|Dutter|1990|pp=10–11}}

Goodman elected to launch Captain America with his own self-titled comic book, making him the first Timely character to debut with his own [[ongoing series]] without having first appeared in an [[Comics anthology|anthology]].{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} Simon sought to have [[Jack Kirby]] be the primary artist on the series: the two developed a working relationship and friendship in the late 1930s after working together at [[Fox Feature Syndicate]], and had previously developed characters for Timely together.<ref name="GraphicNYC"/>{{sfn|Harvey|1996|p=31}} Kirby also shared Simon's pro-intervention views, and was particularly drawn to the character in this regard.{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} Goodman, conversely, wanted a team of artists on the series. It was ultimately determined that Kirby would serve as [[penciller]], with [[Al Avison]] and [[Al Gabriele]] assisting as [[inker]]s;{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} Simon additionally negotiated for himself and Kirby to receive 25 percent of the profits from the comic.{{sfn|Ro|2004|p=25}} Simon regards Kirby as a co-creator of Captain America, stating that "if Kirby hadn't drawn it, it might not have been much of anything."{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}}

===Debut and early success (early 1940s)===
{{main|Captain America Comics}}
[[File:Captain America Comics-1 (March 1941 Timely Comics).jpg|thumb|Cover of ''[[Captain America Comics]]'' #1 (December 1940, [[cover date]]d March 1941). Art by [[Joe Simon]] and [[Jack Kirby]].|alt=The front page of the first Captain America comic depicts Captain America punching [[Adolf Hitler]] in the jaw. A Nazi soldier's bullet deflects from Captain America's shield, while Adolf Hitler falls onto a map of the [[United States|United States of America]] and a document reading 'SABOTAGE PLANS FOR U.S.A.']]

''[[Captain America Comics]]'' #1 was published on December 20, 1940,{{sfn|Rizzo|Licari|2021|p=20}} with a [[cover date]] of March 1941.{{sfn|Rhoades|2008|p=33}} While the front cover of the issue featured Captain America punching Hitler, the comic itself established the [[Red Skull]] as Captain America's primary adversary, and also introduced [[Bucky Barnes]] as Captain America's teenaged [[sidekick]].{{sfn|DiFruscio|2010|p=46}} Simon stated that he personally regarded Captain America's [[origin story]], in which the frail Steve Rogers becomes a [[supersoldier]] after receiving an experimental serum, as "the weakest part of the character", and that he and Kirby "didn't put too much thought into the origin. We just wanted to get to the action."{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=11}} Kirby designed the series' action scenes with an emphasis on a sense of continuity across panels, saying that he "choreographed" the sequences as one would a ballet, with a focus on exaggerated character movement. Kirby's layouts in ''Captain America Comics'' are characterized by their distorted perspectives, irregularly shaped panels, and the heavy use of [[speed line]]s.{{sfn|Harvey|1996|p=33}}

The first issue of ''Captain America Comics'' sold out in a matter of days, and the second issue's print run was set at over one million copies.{{sfn|Fromm|2005|p=4}}{{sfn|Jones|2004|p=200}} Captain America quickly became Timely's most popular character, with the publisher creating an official Captain America [[fan club]] called the "Sentinels of Liberty".{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=36}}{{efn|Members of the Sentinels of Liberty received a membership card and a metal Captain America badge in exchange for a ten cent membership fee, though badge distribution was later discontinued due to wartime [[Salvage for Victory|salvage efforts]]; Timely instead began to match all ten cent donations made to [[US Department of War]].{{sfn|Steranko|1970|p=55}}}} Circulation figures remained close to a million copies per month after the debut issue, which outstripped even the circulation of news magazines such as ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' during the same period.{{sfn|Daniels|1991|p=37}} ''Captain America Comics'' was additionally one of 189 periodicals that the [[US Department of War]] deemed appropriate to distribute to its soldiers without prior screening.{{sfn|Lawrence|2009|p=2}} The character would also make appearances in several of Timely's other comic titles, including ''[[All Winners Comics]]'', ''[[Marvel Mystery Comics]]'', ''[[U.S.A. Comics]]'', and ''[[All Select Comics]]''.{{sfn|Fromm|2005|pp=9–10}}

Though Captain America was not the first [[List of United States-themed superheroes|United States-themed superhero]] – a distinction that belongs to [[The Shield (Archie)|The Shield]] at [[Archie Comics|MLJ Comics]]{{sfn|Cronin|2009|p=134}} – he would become the most popular patriotic American superhero of those created during World War II.{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|p=18}} Captain America's popularity drew a complaint from MLJ that the character's triangular heater shield too closely resembled the chest symbol of The Shield. This prompted Goodman to direct Simon and Kirby to change the design beginning with ''Captain America Comics'' #2. The revised round shield went on to become an iconic element of the character;{{sfn|Cronin|2009|p=134}} its use as a [[Discus throw|discus]]-like throwing weapon originated in a short prose story in ''Captain America Comics'' #3, written by [[Stan Lee]] in his professional debut as a writer.{{sfn|Moser|2009|p=30}}{{sfn|Thomas|2011|p=11}} Timely's publication of ''Captain America Comics'' led the company to be targeted with threatening letters and phone calls from the [[German American Bund]], an American Nazi organization. When members began loitering on the streets outside the company's office, police protection was posted and New York mayor [[Fiorello La Guardia]] personally contacted Simon and Kirby to guarantee the safety of the publisher's employees.{{sfn|Cronin|2009|pp=135–136}}

Simon wrote the first two issues of ''Captain America Comics'' before becoming the editor for the series; they were the only Captain America stories he would ever directly write.{{sfn|Dutter|1990|p=12}} While Captain America generated acclaim and industry fame for Simon and Kirby, the pair believed that Goodman was withholding the promised percentage of profits for the series, prompting Simon to seek employment for himself and Kirby at National Comics Publications.{{sfn|Ro|2004|p=25}} When Goodman learned of Simon and Kirby's intentions, he effectively fired them from Timely Comics, telling them they were to leave the company after they completed work on ''Captain America Comics'' #10.{{sfn|Ro|2004|p=27}} The authorship of ''Captain America Comics'' was subsequently assumed by a variety of individuals, including [[Otto Binder]], [[Bill Finger]], and [[Manly Wade Wellman]] as writers, and Al Avison, [[Vince Alascia]], and [[Syd Shores]] as pencilers.{{sfn|Steranko|1970|p=55}}

===Decline in popularity (mid-1940s and 1950s)===
Superhero comics began to decline in popularity in the post-war period.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=72}} This prompted a variety of attempts to reposition Captain America, including having the character fight gangsters rather than wartime enemies in ''Captain America Comics'' #42 (October 1944), appearing as a high school teacher in ''Captain America Comics'' #59 (August 1946), and joining Timely's first superhero team, the [[All-Winners Squad]], in ''All Winners Comics'' #19 (Fall 1946).{{sfn|Steranko|1970|p=55}} The series nevertheless continued to face dwindling sales, and ''Captain America Comics'' ended with its 75th issue in February 1950.{{sfn|Steranko|1970|p=55}} [[Horror comics]] were ascendant as a popular comic genre during this period; in keeping with the trend, the final two issues of ''Captain America Comics'' were published under the title ''Captain America's Weird Tales''.{{sfn|Steranko|1970|p=55}}

Timely's corporate successor [[Atlas Comics (1950s)|Atlas Comics]] relaunched the character in 1953 in ''Young Men'' #24, where Captain America appears alongside the wartime heroes [[Human Torch (android)|Human Torch]] and [[Toro (comics)|Toro]], which was followed by a revival of ''Captain America Comics'' in 1954 written by Stan Lee and drawn by [[John Romita Sr.|John Romita]].{{Sfn|Stevens|2015|p=60–61}} In the spirit of the [[Cold War]] and [[McCarthyism]], the character was billed as "Captain America, Commie Smasher" and faced enemies associated with the [[Soviet Union]].{{Sfn|Wright|2001|p=123}} The series was a commercial failure, and was cancelled after just three issues.{{Sfn|Wright|2001|p=123}} Romita attributed the series' failure to the changing political climate, particularly the public opposition to the [[Korean War]]; the character subsequently fell out of active publication for nearly a decade, with Romita noting that "for a while, 'Captain America' was a dirty word".{{Sfn|Amash|2004|p=24}}

===Return to comics (1960s)===
[[File:Avengers (1964) March poster 4.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of ''[[The Avengers (comic book)|The Avengers]]'' #4 (March 1964). Art by Jack Kirby and [[George Roussos]].|alt=The front page of The Avengers #4, depicting Captain America leading Avengers members Thor, Iron Man, Ant-Man and The Wasp under the subtitle "CAPTAIN AMERICA LIVES AGAIN!". An inset image indicates that Namor the Sub-Mariner also appears in the issue.]]

Captain America made his ostensible return in the anthology ''[[Strange Tales]]'' #114 (November 1963), published by Atlas' corporate successor [[Marvel Comics]]. In an 18-page story written by Lee and illustrated by Kirby,{{efn|Kirby returned to the company as a freelancer in 1956.{{sfn|Ro|2004|p=60}}}} Captain America reemerges following years of apparent retirement, though he is revealed as an impostor who is defeated by [[Human Torch]] of the [[Fantastic Four]]. A caption in the final panel indicates that the story was a "test" to gauge interest in a potential return for Captain America;{{Sfn|Cunningham|2009|p=188}} the reader response to the story was enthusiastic,{{Sfn|Thomas|2011|p=9}} and the character was formally reintroduced in ''[[Avengers (comic book)|The Avengers]]'' #4 (March 1964).{{Sfn|Wright|2001|p=215}}

''The Avengers'' #4 [[Retroactive continuity|retroactively established]] that Captain America had fallen into the [[Atlantic Ocean]] in the final days of World War II, where he spent decades frozen in ice in a state of [[suspended animation]] before being found and recovered.{{Sfn|Wright|2001|p=215}}{{efn|This revised backstory did not acknowledge stories set in the post-war period that had featured the character. These depictions would later be retconned as individuals who were not Steve Rogers assuming the role of Captain America; the 1950s "Commie Smasher" incarnation of the character, for example, was retconned as the villainous [[William Burnside (character)|William Burnside]] in the 1970s.{{Sfn|Hayton|Albright|2009|pp=17–18}}}} Captain America solo stories written by Lee with Kirby as the primary penciller were published in the anthology ''[[Tales of Suspense]]'' alongside solo stories focused on fellow Avengers member [[Iron Man]] beginning in November 1964; the character also appeared in Lee and Kirby's World War II-set ''[[Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos]]'' beginning in December same year. These runs introduced and retroactively established several new companions of Captain America, including [[Nick Fury]], [[Peggy Carter]], and [[Sharon Carter]].{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|p=103}}
 
In 1966, Joe Simon sued Marvel Comics, asserting that he was legally entitled to [[Copyright renewal in the United States|renew the copyright]] on the character upon the expiration of the original 28-year term. The two parties settled out of court, with Simon agreeing to a statement that the character had been created under terms of employment by the publisher, and was therefore [[work for hire]] owned by the company.<ref name="Lawsuit1"/> Captain America's [[Captain America (comic book)|self-titled ongoing series]] was relaunched in April 1968, with Lee as writer and Kirby as penciller; Kirby later departed the series, and was replaced by [[Gene Colan]].{{sfn|Kaplan|2006|p=56}} In 1969, writer and artist [[Jim Steranko]] authored [[The Strange Death of Captain America|a three-issue run of ''Captain America'']]. Despite the brevity of Steranko's time on the series, his contributions significantly influenced how Captain America was represented in post-war comics, reestablishing the character's [[secret identity]] and introducing a more experimental art style to the series.{{sfn|Morse|2007|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Hayton|Albright|2009|p=19}}

===Political shifts (1970s)===
{{Quote box
 |quote  = "This was the '70s – prime [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war years]] – and here was a guy with a flag on his chest who was supposed to represent what most people distrusted. No one knew what to do with him."
 |author = – [[Steve Englehart]]<ref name="Englehart"/>
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In contrast to the character's enthusiastic participation in World War II, comics featuring Captain America rarely broached the topic of the [[Vietnam War]],{{sfn|Hayton|Albright|2009|p=18}} though the subject of Captain America's potential participation was frequently debated by readers in the letters to the editor section in ''Captain America''.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=244}} Marvel maintained a position of neutrality on Vietnam; in 1971, Stan Lee wrote in an editorial that a poll indicated that a majority of readers did not want Captain America to be involved in Vietnam, adding that he believed the character "simply doesn't lend himself to the [[John Wayne]]-type character he once was" and that he could not "see any of our characters taking on a role of super-patriotism in the world as it is today".{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=244}}

Captain America stories in the 1970s began to increasingly focus on domestic American political issues, such as poverty, racism, pollution, and political corruption.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=245}}{{efn|This shift was enabled by a change to the [[Comics Code Authority]] in 1971; the code had previously prohibited "respected institutions" from being "presented in such a way as to create disrespect for established authority", but was revised to permit depictions of illegal acts by these institutions so long as the individual responsible was made to "pay the legal price" and the act itself was "declared as an exceptional case".{{Sfn|Johnson|2018|p=83}}}} ''Captain America'' #117 (September 1969) introduced [[Falcon (comics)|The Falcon]] as the first African-American superhero in mainstream comic books{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|p=137}} and who would become Captain America's partner; the series was cover titled as ''Captain America and the Falcon'' beginning February 1971, which it would maintain for the next seven and a half years.{{sfn|Dalton|2011|p=137}} These political shifts were significantly shaped by comics created by writer [[Steve Englehart]] and artist [[Sal Buscema]], who joined the series in 1972.{{Sfn|Johnson|2018|pp=85, 90}}<ref name="Englehart"/> In [[Secret Empire (1974 comic)|a 1974 storyline]] written by Englehart directly inspired by the [[Watergate scandal]], Captain America is framed for murder by the fascistic [[Secret Empire (organization)|Secret Empire]], whose leader is ultimately revealed to be the president of the United States.{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|pp=164–168}} The incident causes a disillusioned Steve Rogers to briefly drop the moniker of Captain America to become "[[Nomad (comics)|Nomad]], the man without a country", though he later vowed to "reclaim the ideals of America, which its leaders have trampled upon" and again assumed the role of Captain America.{{sfn|Wright|2001|p=245}} Englehart and Buscema's run was highly acclaimed, bringing ''Captain America'' from one of Marvel's lowest-selling titles to its top-selling comic,{{Sfn|Johnson|2018|pp=85, 90}}<ref name="Englehart"/> and the conflict between America [[American Dream|as it idealizes itself to be]] and America in reality would recur frequently as a theme in ''Captain America'' comics in the subsequent decades.<ref name="SyfySI"/>

In 1975, [[Roy Thomas]] created the comic book series ''[[Invaders (comics)|The Invaders]]''. Set during World War II, the comic focuses on a superhero team composed of Timely's wartime-era superheroes, with Captain America as its leader; Thomas, a fan of stories from the [[Golden Age of Comic Books]], drew inspiration for the series from Timely's All-Winners Squad.{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|p=170}} Jack Kirby wrote and illustrated run on ''Captain America and the Falcon'' from 1975 to 1977.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=36}} This was followed by issues authored by a number of writers and artists, including Roy Thomas, [[Donald F. Glut]], [[Roger McKenzie (comics)|Roger McKenzie]], and Sal Buscema; the series was also re-titled ''Captain America'' beginning with issue 223 in 1978.{{sfn|DiFruscio|2010|pp=38–39}}

===Post-Vietnam and "Heroes Reborn" (1980s and 1990s)===
Owing to the series' lack of a regular writer, ''Captain America'' editor [[Roger Stern]] and artist [[John Byrne (comics)|John Byrne]] authored the series from 1980 to 1981. Their run that saw a storyline in which Captain America declines an offer to run for president of the United States.{{sfn|Morse|2007|pp=36–38}}<ref name="SternInterview"/> Following Stern and Byrne, ''Captain America'' was authored by writer [[J.M. DeMatteis]] and artist [[Mike Zeck]] from 1981 to 1984.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=38}} Their run featured a year-long storyline in which Captain America faced a crisis of confidence in the face of what DeMatteis described as "[[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] [[Cold War]] rhetoric".{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=38}} The story was originally planned culminate in ''Captain America'' #300 with Captain America renouncing violence to become a [[pacifist]]; when that ending was rejected by Marvel editor-in-chief [[Jim Shooter]], DeMatteis resigned from ''Captain America'' in protest.{{sfn|Walton|2009|p=166}}

Writer [[Mark Gruenwald]], editor of ''Captain America'' from 1982 to 1985, served as writer on the series from 1985 to 1995. Various artists illustrated the series over the course of Gruenwald's decade-long run, including [[Paul Neary]] from 1985 to 1987, and [[Kieron Dwyer]] from 1988 to 1990.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=38}} In contrast to DeMatteis, Gruenwald placed less emphasis on Steve Rogers' life as a civilian, wishing to show "that Steve Rogers is Captain America first [...] he has no greater needs than being Captain America."<ref name="GruenwaldInterview"/> Among the most significant storylines appearing in Gruenwald's run was "[[Captain America: The Captain|The Choice]]" in 1987, in which Steve Rogers renounces the identity of Captain America to briefly become simply "The Captain" after the United States government orders him to continue his superheroic activities directly under their control.<ref name="FredEntertainment"/>

After Gruenwald departed the series, writer [[Mark Waid]] and artist [[Ron Garney]] began to author ''Captain America'' in 1995. Despite early acclaim, including the reintroduction of Captain America's love interest Sharon Carter, their run was terminated after ten issues as a result of Marvel's "[[Heroes Reborn (1996 comic)|Heroes Reborn]]" rebranding in 1996.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=40}} The rebrand saw artists [[Jim Lee]] and [[Rob Liefeld]], who had left the company in the early 1990s to establish [[Image Comics]], return to Marvel to re-imagine several of the company's characters.{{sfn|Morse|2007|pp=40–41}} Marvel faced various financial difficulties in the 1990s, culminating in the company filing for [[Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code|Chapter 11]] bankruptcy protection in 1996,<ref name="Bankrupt"/> and "Heroes Reborn" was introduced as part of an effort to increase sales.<ref name="WizardHeroesReborn"/> As part of the rebrand, Liefeld illustrated and co-wrote with [[Jeph Loeb]] a run on ''Captain America'' that was ultimately cancelled after six issues.<ref name="WizardHeroesReborn"/> Marvel stated that the series was cancelled due to low sales,<ref name="WizardHeroesReborn"/> though Liefeld has contended that he was fired after he refused to take a lower pay rate amid Marvel's bankruptcy proceedings.<ref name="LiefeldInterview"/> Waid would return to ''Captain America'' in 1998, initially with Garney as artist and later with [[Andy Kubert]].{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=40}}

In 1999, Joe Simon filed to claim the copyright to Captain America under a provision of the [[Copyright Act of 1976]] that allows the original creators of works that have been sold to corporations to reclaim them after the original 56-year copyright term has expired. Marvel challenged the claim, arguing that Simon's 1966 settlement made the character ineligible for copyright transfer. Simon and Marvel settled out of court in 2003, in a deal that paid Simon royalties for merchandising and licensing of the character.<ref name="Lawsuit1"/><ref name="Lawsuit2"/>

===Modern era (2000s to present)===
Writer and artist [[Dan Jurgens]] took over ''Captain America'' from Waid in 2000, positioning the character in a world he described as "more cynical [...] in terms of how we view our government, our politicians and people's motives in general".{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=44}} In the wake of the [[September 11 attacks]], a new ''Captain America'' series written by [[John Ney Rieber]] with artwork by [[John Cassaday]] was published under the [[Marvel Knights]] imprint from 2002 to 2003.{{sfn|Dowsett|2008|p=312}} The series received criticism for its depiction of Captain America fighting terrorists modelled after [[Al-Qaeda]], though Cassady contended that the aim of the series was to depict "the emotions this hero was going through" in the wake of 9/11, and the "guilt and anger a man in his position would feel".{{sfn|Morse|2007|pp=44–46}}

In 2005, Marvel relaunched ''Captain America'' in [[Captain America (vol. 5)|a new volume]] written by [[Ed Brubaker]] and illustrated by [[Steve Epting]]. The run saw the publication of "[[The Winter Soldier (story arc)|The Winter Soldier]]", which reintroduced Captain America's [[Comic book death|previously deceased]] partner Bucky Barnes as a brainwashed cybernetic assassin.{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=48}} Contemporaneously, Captain America was a central character in the 2006 [[Fictional crossover|crossover storyline]] "[[Civil War (comics)|Civil War]]", written by [[Mark Millar]] and penciled by [[Steve McNiven]], which saw the character come into conflict with fellow Avengers member Iron Man over government efforts to regulate superheroes.{{sfn|Rizzo|Licari|2021|p=142}} The character was killed in the 2007 storyline "[[The Death of Captain America]]" written by Brubaker,{{sfn|Morse|2007|p=48}} which was accompanied by the miniseries ''[[Fallen Son: The Death of Captain America]]'' written by Jeph Loeb;<ref name="FallenSon"/> the character was later revived in the 2009 limited series ''[[Captain America: Reborn]]''.{{sfn|Rizzo|Licari|2021|p=162}} Brubaker's run on ''Captain America'', which ran across various titles until 2012, was critically and commercially acclaimed; ''Captain America'' #25 (which contains the character's death) was the best-selling comic of 2007,<ref name="DeathSales"/> and Brubaker won the [[Harvey Award]] for Best Writer for the series in 2006.<ref name="Harvey"/>

After Brubaker's run on ''Captain America'' ended in 2012, a new volume of the series written by [[Rick Remender]] was published as part of the [[Marvel Now]] rebranding initiative, which saw Sam Wilson assume the mantle of Captain America in 2014.{{sfn|Rizzo|Licari|2021|pp=172, 176}} This was followed by a run written by [[Nick Spencer]] beginning in 2016, in which Captain America was replaced by a version of himself later known as "Hydra Supreme", loyal to the villainous organization [[Hydra (comics)|Hydra]], culminating in the 2017 crossover event ''[[Secret Empire (2017 comic)|Secret Empire]]''.{{sfn|Rizzo|Licari|2021|p=180}} As part of Marvel's [[Fresh Start (comics)|Fresh Start]] rebrand in 2018, a new ''Captain America'' series written by [[Ta-Nehisi Coates]] with art by [[Leinil Francis Yu]] was published from 2018 to 2021.<ref name="CoatesBegin"/><ref name="CoatesEnd"/> A volume of ''Captain America'' written by [[J. Michael Straczynski]] was published from September 2023 to December 2024,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Schedeen |first1=Jesse |title=Captain America: J. Michael Straczynski Returns to Marvel For New Monthly Series |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/captain-america-j-michael-straczynski-returns-to-marvel-for-new-monthly-series |website=[[IGN]] |access-date=August 15, 2023 |date=June 6, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnston |first1=Rich |title=J Michael Straczynski Brings His Captain America To An End In Broxton |url=https://bleedingcool.com/comics/j-michael-straczynski-brings-his-captain-america-to-an-end-in-broxton/ |website=Bleeding Cool |access-date=February 28, 2025 |date=October 12, 2024}}</ref> followed by a new volume written by [[Chip Zdarsky]] slated to debut in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Captain America' Comic Series by Chip Zdarsky and Valerio Schiti Launches a New Era for Steve Rogers |url=https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/captain-america-2025-comic-series-chip-zdarsky-valerio-schiti-new-era |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.marvel.com}}</ref>