Editing Cape of Good Hope (section)

== History ==

Around 600 BC, [[Necho II]] [[Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition|reputedly commissioned an expedition]] of [[Phoenicians]],<ref>Unlikely with the intent of circumnavigating Africa, but for finding an alternative route to Asia than through the area near the [[Levant]]. Also, such voyages were undertaken for trading with more southern African cities; thereafter being blown off-course, if not tasked to sail around the lands.</ref> who it is said in three years sailed from the Red Sea around Africa back to the mouth of the Nile; and would thereby be the first completion of the [[Cape Route]].<ref>''Israel, India, Persia, Phoenicia, Minor Nations of Western Asia''. Edited by [[Henry Smith Williams]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vPULAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 p118]</ref><ref>Anthony Tony Browder, Nile valley contributions to civilization,Volume 1. 1992 (''cf''. In the Twenty Fifth Dynasty, during the reign of Necho II, navigational technology had advanced to the point where sailors from Kemet successfully circumnavigated Africa and drew an extremely accurate map of the continent.)</ref> Herodotus' account was handed down to him by [[oral tradition]],<ref>M. J. Cary. ''The Ancient Explorers''. Penguin Books, 1963. Page 114</ref> but is seen as potentially credible because he stated with disbelief that the Phoenicians "as they sailed on a westerly course round the southern end of Libya (Africa), they had the sun on their right"—to northward of them (''The Histories'' 4.42).<ref>As for Libya, we know it to be washed on all sides by the sea, except where it is attached to Asia. This discovery was first made by Necos, the Egyptian king, who on desisting from the canal which he had begun between the Nile and the Arabian gulf (referring to the Red Sea), sent to sea a number of ships manned by Phoenicians, with orders to make for the Pillars of Hercules, and return to Egypt through them, and by the Mediterranean. The Phoenicians took their departure from Egypt by way of the Erythraean sea, and so sailed into the southern ocean. When autumn came, they went ashore, wherever they might happen to be, and having sown a tract of land with corn, waited until the grain was fit to cut. Having reaped it, they again set sail; and thus it came to pass that two whole years went by, and it was not till the third year that they doubled the Pillars of Hercules, and made good their voyage home. On their return, they declared—I for my part do not believe them, but perhaps others may—that in sailing round Libya they had the sun upon their right hand. In this way was the extent of Libya first discovered. {{cite wikisource |chapter=Book 4 |wslink=History of Herodotus |plaintitle=History of Herodotus}}</ref> Pliny reported that [[Hanno the Navigator|Hanno]] had circumnavigated Africa, which may have been a conflation with Necho's voyage, while [[Strabo]], [[Polybius]], and [[Ptolemy]] doubted the description;<ref>''The Geographical system of Herodotus'' by James Rennel. [https://books.google.com/books?id=6C0waiOScrEC&pg=PA348 p348]+</ref> [[History of geography#Greco-Roman world|at the time it was not generally known that Africa was surrounded by an ocean]] (with the southern part of Africa being thought connected to Asia).<ref>''Die umsegelung Asiens und Europas auf der Vega''. Volume 2. By Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8-SfAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA148 p148]</ref> 

[[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]] ({{floruit}} {{circa|130 BC}}) was a [[ethnic Greek|Greek]] [[navigator]] for [[Ptolemy VIII Physcon|Ptolemy VIII]], king of the [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] in [[Egypt]]. In or about 116 BCE, while returning from a voyage to India, Eudoxus found the wreck of a ship that appeared to have originated in [[Cádiz|Gades]] (later Cádiz), in what was then Roman [[Hispania Baetica]]. At the time, the only way such a vessel could have reached the [[Indian Ocean]] was by rounding the Cape.

When Eudoxus was returning from his second voyage to India, the wind forced him south of the [[Gulf of Aden]] and down the coast of Africa for some distance. Somewhere along the coast of East Africa, he found the remains of the ship. Due to its appearance and the story told by the natives, Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa, passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean. This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a [[circumnavigation]] of the continent. Organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast. The difficulties were too great, however, and he was obliged to return to Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tozer |first=Henry F. |title=History of Ancient Geography |year=1997 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen |isbn=978-0-8196-0138-4 |pages=189–190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svsNTIU3EskC |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>

After this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa. His eventual fate is unknown. Although some, such as [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]], claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal, the most probable conclusion is that he died on the journey.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tozer |first=Henry F. |title=History of Ancient Geography |year=1997 |publisher=Biblo & Tannen |isbn=978-0-8196-0138-4 |pages=xxiii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svsNTIU3EskC |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref>

In the 1450 [[Fra Mauro map]], the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic. Fra Mauro puts the following inscription by the southern tip of Africa, which he names the "Cape of Diab", describing the exploration by a ship from the East around 1420:<ref>{{harvnb|Marco Polo|p=409}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Needham|1971|p=501}}</ref>

[[File:FraMauroChineseShip.jpg|thumb|Detail of the Fra Mauro Map describing the construction of the [[Junk (ship)|junks]] that navigate in the Indian Ocean.]]
{{blockquote|Around 1420 a ship, or junk, from India crossed the Sea of India towards the Island of Men and the Island of Women, off Cape Diab, between the Green Islands and the shadows. It sailed for 40 days in a south-westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water. According to these people themselves, the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until — once favourable conditions came to an end — it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days.}}

{{blockquote|The ships called junks (lit. "[[Djong (ship)|Zonchi]]") that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller. They can navigate without a [[compass]], because they have an [[astrologer]], who stands on the side and, with an [[astrolabe]] in hand, gives orders to the navigator.<br><br>—Text from the Fra Mauro map, 09-P25}}

Fra Mauro explained that he obtained the information from "a trustworthy source", who traveled with the expedition, possibly the Venetian explorer [[Niccolò da Conti]] who happened to be in [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[India]] at the time the expedition left:

{{blockquote|What is more, I have spoken with a person worthy of trust, who says that he sailed in an Indian ship caught in the fury of a tempest for 40 days out in the Sea of India, beyond the [[Sofala|Cape of Soffala]] and the Green Islands towards west-southwest; and according to the astrologers who act as their guides, they had advanced almost 2,000 miles. Thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those, and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles.}}

Fra Mauro also comments that the account of the expedition, together with the relation by [[Strabo]] of the travels of [[Eudoxus of Cyzicus]] from [[Arabian Peninsula|Arabia]] to [[Gibraltar]] through the southern Ocean in [[Classical antiquity|Antiquity]], led him to believe that the [[Indian Ocean]] was not a closed sea and that [[Africa]] could be circumnavigated by her southern end (Text from Fra Mauro map, 11, G2). This knowledge, together with the map depiction of the African continent, probably encouraged the Portuguese to intensify their effort to round the tip of Africa.

In 1511, after [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] conquered [[Malacca]], the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] recovered a chart from a [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[maritime pilot]], which, according to Albuquerque, already included the Cape of Good Hope. Regarding the chart Albuquerque said:<ref>Carta IX, 1 April 1512. In Pato, Raymundo Antonio de Bulhão (1884). ''[https://archive.org/details/cartasdeaffonso03albugoog/page/n98/mode/2up?q Cartas de Affonso de Albuquerque, Seguidas de Documentos que as Elucidam tomo I]'' (pp. 29–65). Lisboa: Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencas. p. 64.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Olshin |first=Benjamin B. |date=1996 |title=A sixteenth century Portuguese report concerning an early Javanese world map |journal=História, Ciências, Saúde-Manguinhos |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=97–104 |doi=10.1590/s0104-59701996000400005 |issn=0104-5970 |doi-access=free |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/hcsm/a/HtNK8HhmxkbycBDLzbp4SWH/?format=pdf&lang=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104013648/https://www.scielo.br/j/hcsm/a/HtNK8HhmxkbycBDLzbp4SWH/?format=pdf&lang=en |archive-date=4 January 2022 |access-date=19 October 2023 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>{{rp|98–99}}{{blockquote|"...a large map of a Javanese pilot, containing the Cape of Good Hope, Portugal and the land of Brazil, the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Persian Gulf|Sea of Persia]], the Clove Islands, the navigation of the Chinese and the Gores, with their rhumbs and direct routes followed by the ships, and the hinterland, and how the kingdoms border on each other. It seems to me, Sir, that this was the best thing I have ever seen, and Your Highness will be very pleased to see it; it had the names in Javanese writing, but I had with me a Javanese who could read and write. I send this piece to Your Highness, which Francisco Rodrigues traced from the other, in which Your Highness can truly see where the [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and [[Ryukyuan people|Gores]] come from, and the course your ships must take to the Clove Islands, and where the gold mines lie, and the islands of Java and Banda, of nutmeg and mace, and the land of the King of Siam, and also the end of the land of the navigation of the Chinese, the direction it takes, and how they do not navigate farther."<br><br>— Letter of Albuquerque to King Manuel I of Portugal, 1 April 1512.}}

===European exploration===
{{See also|Dutch Cape Colony|Cape Colony}}

==== Name origin ====
[[File:Cross of Bartholomew Diaz.jpg|right|thumb|Cross of Bartholomew Dias at Cape of Good Hope.]]
[[File:Codice Casanatense Cafres.jpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the '''Cape of Good Hope''' dubbed ''Cafres'' by the Portuguese (''[[Códice Casanatense]]'', {{circa|1540}})]]

In the [[Early Modern Era]], the first European to reach the cape was the Portuguese explorer [[Bartolomeu Dias]] on 12 March 1488, who named it the "Cape of Storms" ({{lang|pt|Cabo das Tormentas}}).<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |date=2024-05-25 |title=Bartolomeu Dias {{!}} Biography, Voyage, Significance, Accomplishments, Areas Explored, Death, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bartolomeu-Dias |access-date=2024-06-01 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> It was later renamed by [[John II of Portugal]] as "Cape of Good Hope" ({{lang|pt|Cabo da Boa Esperança}}) because of the great optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to [[India]] and the East.<ref name="britannica" />

==== The Dutch's first settlement ====
The [[Khoikhoi]] people lived in the cape area when the Dutch first settled there in 1652. The Khoikhoi had arrived in this area about fifteen hundred years before.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ehret |first1=Christopher|title=An African Classical Age |date=2001 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2057-3 |page=219}}</ref> The Dutch called them ''Hottentots'', a term that has now come to be regarded as pejorative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hottentot |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095946436 |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Oxford Reference}}</ref>

In 1652, the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] [[Dutch East India Company|East India Company's]] administrator [[Jan van Riebeeck]] established a resupply camp for the [[Dutch East India Company]] some 50&nbsp;km north of the cape in [[Table Bay]] on April 6,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jan van Riebeeck: Dutch colonial administrator |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dutch-Republic |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=Britannica}}</ref> and this eventually developed into [[Cape Town]]. Supplies of fresh food were vital on the long journey around Africa and Cape Town became known as "The Tavern of the Seas".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ward |first=Kerry |title="Tavern of the Seas"? The Cape of Good Hope as an oceanic crossroads during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries |url=https://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/ebook/p/2005/history_cooperative/www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/ward.html |journal=American Historical Association}}</ref>

==== The French refugees in the Cape Colony ====
On 31 December 1687, a community of [[Huguenots]] (French Protestants) arrived at the Cape of Good Hope from the Netherlands. They had fled from France due to religious persecution and gone to the Netherlands,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Huguenot History |url=https://huguenotmuseum.org/about/the-huguenots/ |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=The Huguenot Museum}}</ref> before making the journey to the Cape Colony. Members of this group included [[Pierre Joubert (viticulturalist)|Pierre Joubert]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Motte's French heritage firmly rooted |url=https://la-motte.com/blogs/news/la-motte-s-french-heritage-firmly-rooted |access-date=28 June 2024 |website=La Motte|date=29 May 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=de Bruin |first=Karen de Bruin |title=From Viticulture to Commemoration: French Huguenot Memory in the Cape Colony (1688–1824) |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/w/wsfh/0642292.0047.007/--from-viticulture-to-commemoration-french-huguenot-memory?rgn=main;view=fulltext |journal=Michigan Publishing |date=2021 |volume=47 |via=University of Rhode Island}}</ref> who came from [[La Motte-d'Aigues]], as well as [[Jean Roy (Huguenot)|Jean Roy]]. The Dutch East India Company needed skilled farmers at the Cape of Good Hope and the Dutch government saw opportunities to settle Huguenots at the Cape. The colony gradually grew over the 150 years that followed until it extended hundreds of kilometers to the north and the north-east.

==== The European coalitions and Napoleonic wars effect on the Cape Colony ====
During the [[French Revolutionary Wars]], the Dutch Republic was occupied by the French in 1795. The Cape Colony then became a French vassal and enemy of the British, who were at war with France. British troops invaded and occupied the Cape Colony that same year. The British relinquished control of the territory in 1803, under the [[peace of Amiens]], but reoccupied the Colony on 19 January 1806 following the [[Battle of Blaauwberg]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=J. Bundy |first=Colin |date=28 June 2024 |title=Growth of the colonial economy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/South-Africa/Growth-of-the-colonial-economy |website=Britannica}}</ref> The Dutch formally ceded the territory to the British in the [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Convention Between Great Britain And The Netherlands |url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1815-06-09/debates/0e7491ad-421f-4e13-9843-e5a4e4591f6c/ConventionBetweenGreatBritainAndTheNetherlands |journal=UK Parliament |volume=31 |via=Hansard}}</ref> It would remain a separate British colony until its incorporation into the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Colony: British colony, South Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cape-Colony |website=Britannica}}</ref>

==== Routes explorations and commemorations ====
The Portuguese government erected two navigational beacons, '''Dias Cross''' and '''da Gama Cross''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cross erected by Bartholomew Dias |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/cross-erected-bartholomew-dias |website=South African History Online (SAHO)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bartolomeu Dias – Life, Legacy & Expeditions |url=https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/bartolomeu-dias |website=History.com|date=6 June 2023 }}</ref> to commemorate [[Bartolomeu Dias]] and [[Vasco da Gama]], who were the first modern European explorers to reach the cape. When lined up, these crosses point to [[Whittle Rock]], a large, permanently submerged shipping hazard in [[False Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Da Gama Cross |url=https://artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/bldgframes_mob.php?bldgid=12243 |website=Artefacts}}</ref> Two other beacons in [[Simon's Town]] provide the intersection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=THE SEARCH FOR BRENTON'S BEACON |url=https://simonstown.org/1592/ |website=Simon's Town Historical Society|date=15 June 2021 }}</ref>

===Contemporary===
[[File:Kapstadt - Kap der guten Hoffnung.jpg|thumb|Sign at the Cape of Good Hope, 2018]]
The Cape of Good Hope saw an increase of ship activity after the [[2021 Suez Canal obstruction|2021 Suez canal obstruction]], and the [[2024 Red Sea Crisis]] with ships needing a different route from the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/suez-canal-ship-stuck-crisis-shipping-companies-rerouting-blocked-ships |title=Suez canal: Japanese owner of stricken ship talks of plan to refloat it |first1=Martin |first2=Michael |last1=Farrer |last2=Safi |date=26 March 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326171941/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/suez-canal-ship-stuck-crisis-shipping-companies-rerouting-blocked-ships |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/refloat-efforts-resume-cape-of-good-hope-beckons-suez-update/ar-BB1eY7A4 |title=Ships Divert From Canal; More Tugs Coming: Suez Update |first1=Salma |first2=Mirette |last1=El Wardany |last2=Magdy |publisher=[[MSN]] |agency=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=27 March 2001 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210326104934/https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/news/refloat-efforts-resume-cape-of-good-hope-beckons-suez-update/ar-BB1eY7A4 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bunkerworld.com/news/Container-ships-turn-to-Cape-of-Good-Hope-as-Suez-issues-continue-cFlow-160261 |title=Container ships turn to Cape of Good Hope as Suez issues continue: cFlow |last=<!-- staff writer(s), no byline--> |work=[[Bunker World]] |access-date=2021-03-26 |archive-date=2021-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416085223/https://www.bunkerworld.com/news/Container-ships-turn-to-Cape-of-Good-Hope-as-Suez-issues-continue-cFlow-160261 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/01/27/red-sea-crisis-spurs-maritime-traffic-to-cape-of-good-hope-boosting-south-africas-ports |title=Red Sea crisis spurs maritime traffic to Cape of Good Hope, boosting South Africa's ports |date=27 January 2024 }}</ref> The Cape of Good Hope route took a toll on the sea freight industry—stretching the transit time, reducing carriers availability, and skyrocketing shipment cost and container hire.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simpson |first=Jack |title=As the Red Sea crisis continues, pressure on consumer prices follows in its wake |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/may/12/as-the-red-sea-crisis-continues-pressure-on-consumer-prices-follows-in-its-wake |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Carriers' attempts to resort to the Red Sea route came at the expense of vessels and seafarers' safety as the Red Sea witnessed multiple sunken carriers struck by [[Houthi movement|Houthi rebels]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=The shipping industry is sounding the alarm as another vessel sinks in the Red Sea |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/20/business/red-sea-vessel-sunk-shipping-warning/index.html |access-date=28 June 2024 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ship attacked by Yemen's Houthi rebels in fatal assault sinks in Red Sea in their second sinking |url=https://apnews.com/article/houthi-rebels-ship-attack-red-sea-yemen-bfa7d321e55c5bb59b268b82ef3c56ba |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> Many large shipping companies and industries were afflicted by the situation such as [[IKEA]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], Automotive companies, and [[Maersk]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Maersk suspends shipping through key Red Sea maritime trade route 'until further notice' |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/02/business/red-sea-houthi-attacks-maersk/index.html |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Maersk Operations through Red Sea / Gulf of Aden |url=https://www.maersk.com/news/articles/2023/12/15/maersk-operations-through-red-sea-gulf-of-aden |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=[[Maersk]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 8 Industries Affected by The Red Sea Crisis in January 2024 |url=https://www.resilinc.com/blog/top-industries-red-sea-crisis-supply-chain-january-2024/ |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=Resilinic|date=15 January 2024 }}</ref>