Editing Canadian raising (section)

==Description==
{{listen
| type         = speech
| header       = Examples of Canadian raising in American English
| filename     = En-us-rider-writer.ogg
| title        = ''rider'', ''writer''
| description  = {{IPA|[ˈɹaɪɾɚ]}} without raising,<br>{{IPA|[ˈɹɐɪɾɚ]}} with it
| filename2    = En-us-highschool, high school.ogg
| title2       = ''high school''
| description2 = {{IPA|[ˈhɐɪskul]}} "[[secondary school]]" with raising,<br>{{IPA|[ˌhaɪ ˈskul]}} "school that is high up" without it
| filename3    = En-us-bowed bout.ogg
| title3       = ''bowed'', ''bout''
| description3 = {{IPA|[baʊd]}} without raising,<br>{{IPA|[bɜʊt]}} with it
| filename4    = En-us-about, a boot, a boat.ogg
| title4       = ''about'', ''a boot'', ''a boat''
| description4 = {{IPA|[əˈbɜʊt]}} with raising,<br>compared with ''oo'' in {{IPA|[ə ˈbut]}}<br>and ''oh'' in {{IPA|[ə ˈbɤʊt]}}
}}

===Phonetic environment===
In general, Canadian raising affects vowels before [[voicelessness|voiceless]] consonants like {{IPAc-en|f}}, {{IPAc-en|θ}}, {{IPAc-en|t}}, and {{IPAc-en|s}}. Vowels before voiced consonants like {{IPAc-en|v}}, {{IPAc-en|ð}}, {{IPAc-en|d}}, and {{IPAc-en|z}} are usually not raised. Furthermore, it usually only happens within word boundaries. It has also been described as being blocked when the diphthong has less than primary stress and is immediately followed by a stressed syllable, resulting in a lack of raising in words like ''psychology, citation'' and ''micrometer'', but raising in ''Psyche, cite,'' and ''microphone''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chambers |first=J. K. |date=1973 |title=Canadian raising |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-linguistics-revue-canadienne-de-linguistique/article/abs/canadian-raising/3D6C8335233506772A7F87EAE6664E2B |journal=Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=113–135 |doi=10.1017/S0008413100007350 |issn=0008-4131}}</ref> This can be further explained with [[syllable]] structure<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Paradis |first=Carole |date=April 1980 |title=La règle de Canadian Raising et l’analyse en structure syllabique |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-linguistics-revue-canadienne-de-linguistique/article/abs/la-regle-de-canadian-raising-et-lanalyse-en-structure-syllabique/1389CAC5E57464716D9F17C51A7921D5 |journal=Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=35–45 |doi=10.1017/S0008413100009166 |issn=0008-4131}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chambers |first=J. K. |date=1989 |title=Canadian Raising: Blocking, Fronting, etc. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/455114?origin=crossref |journal=American Speech |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=77–80 |doi=10.2307/455114 |issn=0003-1283}}</ref> or [[Metrical foot|feet]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiparsky |first=Paul |date=1979 |title=Metrical Structure Assignment Is Cyclic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4178120 |journal=Linguistic Inquiry |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=440 |issn=0024-3892}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

However, several studies indicate that this rule is not completely accurate, and have attempted to formulate different rules.

A study of three speakers in [[Meaford, Ontario]], showed that pronunciation of the diphthong {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} fell on a continuum between raised and unraised. Raising is influenced by voicing of the following consonant, but it may also be influenced by the sound before the diphthong. Frequently the diphthong was raised when preceded by a [[coronal consonant|coronal]]: in ''gigantic'', ''dinosaur'', and ''Siberia''.{{sfn|Hall|2005|pp=194–5}}

Raising before {{IPA|/r/}}, as in ''wire'', ''iris'', and ''fire'', has been documented in some American accents.{{sfn|Vance|1987|p=200}}

Raising can apply to [[compound (linguistics)|compound words]].  Hence, the first vowel in ''[[High school (North America)|high school]]'' {{IPA|[ˈhʌɪskul]}} as a term meaning "a secondary school for students approximately 14–18 years old" may be raised, whereas ''high school'' {{IPA|[ˌhaɪ ˈskul]}} with the literal meaning of "a school that is high (e.g. in elevation)" is unaffected. (The two terms are also distinguished by the position of the stress accent, as shown.) The same is true of "high chair".{{sfn|Vance|1987|pp=197–8}}

However, frequently it does not. One study of speakers in [[Rochester, New York]] and [[Minnesota]] found a very inconsistent pattern of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} raising before voiceless consonants in certain prefixes; for example, the numerical prefix ''bi-'' was raised in ''bicycle'' but not ''bisexual'' or ''bifocals''. Likewise, the vowel was consistently kept low when used in a prefix in words like ''dichotomy'' and ''anti-Semitic''. This pattern may have to do with stress or familiarity of the word to the speaker; however, these relations are still inconsistent.{{sfn|Vance|1987}}

In most dialects of North American English, intervocalic {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are pronounced as an [[alveolar flap]] {{IPA|[ɾ]}} when the following vowel is unstressed or word-initial, a phenomenon known as ''[[flapping]]''. In accents with both flapping and Canadian raising, {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} or {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} before a flapped {{IPA|/t/}} may still be raised, even though the flap is a voiced consonant. Hence, while in accents without raising, ''writer'' and ''rider'' are pronounced differently as a result of a slight difference in vowel length due to [[pre-fortis clipping]], in accents with raising, the words may be distinguished by their vowels: ''writer'' {{IPA|[ˈɹʌɪɾɚ]}}, ''rider'' {{IPA|[ˈɹaɪɾɚ]}}.{{sfn|Vance|1987|p=202}}

===Result===
The raised variant of {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} typically becomes {{IPA|[ɐɪ]}}. In most of Canada, the raised vowel is further front than {{IPAc-en|aɪ}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boberg |first=Charles |title=Boberg (2008) JENGL paper on Regional Phonetic Differentiation in Canadian English |url=https://www.academia.edu/7683591}}</ref> and in traditional [[New York accent|New York City]] English, {{IPAc-en|aɪ}} is backed towards {{IPA|[ɑɪ]}} except before voiceless consonants, resulting in a distinction based more on frontness,{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} but in Philadelphia it may be more back.{{sfn|Fruehwald|2007}}

The raised variant of {{IPAc-en|aʊ}} varies by dialect, with {{IPA|[ɐʊ~ʌʊ]}} more common in [[Western Canada]] and a fronted variant {{IPA|[ɜʊ~ɛʊ]}} commonly heard in [[Central Canada]].{{sfn|Boberg|2004|p=360}} In any case, the open vowel component of the [[diphthong]]s changes to a mid vowel ({{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|ɐ}}, {{IPAblink|ɛ}} or {{IPAblink|ə}}).