Editing Camillo Golgi (section)

==Biography==
Camillo Golgi was born on 7 July 1843 in the village of Corteno near Brescia, in the [[province of Brescia]] ([[Lombardy]]), at the time Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, today Italy. The village is now named [[Corteno Golgi]] in his honour. His father Alessandro Golgi was a physician and district medical officer, originally from Pavia. In 1860, he entered the [[University of Pavia]] to study medicine, and earned his medical degree in 1865.<ref name="DBDI">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/camillo-golgi_(Dizionario-Biografico) |title=GOLGI, Camillo |first=Guido |last=Cimino |encyclopedia=Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani |language=it |volume=57 |year=2001}}</ref> He did an internship at the San Matteo Hospital (now IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation). During his internship he briefly worked as a civil physician in the Italian Army, and as assistant surgeon at the Novara Hospital (now Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Maggiore della Carità di Novara). At the same time he was also involved in the medical team for investigating [[Cholera outbreaks and pandemics|cholera epidemic]] in villages around Pavia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazzarello|first=Paolo|date=2020|title=Camillo Golgi: the conservative revolutionary|url=https://oajournals.fupress.net/index.php/ijae/article/view/11658|journal=Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology|volume=124 |issue=3 |language=en|pages=288–304 Pages|doi=10.13128/IJAE-11658}}</ref>

In 1867, he resumed his academic study under the supervision of [[Cesare Lombroso]]. Lombroso was a renowned scientist in [[medical psychology]] such as genius, madness and criminality. Inspired by Lombroso, Golgi wrote a thesis on the etiology of [[mental disorders]], from which he obtained his [[Doctor of Medicine|M.D.]] in 1868.<ref name="mazz99">{{cite journal|last1=Mazzarello|first1=Paolo|title=Camillo Golgi's Scientific Biography|journal=Journal of the History of the Neurosciences|date=1999|volume=8|issue=2|pages=121–131|doi=10.1076/jhin.8.2.121.1836|pmid=11624293}}</ref> He became more interested in experimental medicine, and started attending the Institute of General Pathology headed by Giulio Bizzozero. Three years his junior, Bizzozero was an eloquent teacher and experimenter, who specialised in histology of the nervous system and the properties of [[bone marrow]]. The most important research publications of Golgi were directly or indirectly influenced by Bizzozero. The two became so close that they lived in the same building; and Golgi later married Bizzozero's niece, Lina Aletti.<ref name="benti">{{cite book|last1=Bentivoglio|first1=M.|editor1-last=Daroff|editor1-first=Robert B.|editor2-last=Aminoff|editor2-first=Michael J.|title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences|date=2014|publisher=Elsevier Science|location=Burlington|isbn=978-0-12-385158-1|pages=464–466|edition=Second|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC|chapter=Golgi, Camillo}}</ref> By 1872, Golgi was an established clinician and histopathologist. He, however, had no opportunity as a tenured professor in Pavia to pursue teaching and research in neurology.<ref name="mazz99" />

Financial pressure prompted him to join the Hospital of the Chronically Ill (Pio Luogo degli Incurabili) in [[Abbiategrasso]], near Milan, as Chief Medical Officer in 1872. To continue research, he set up a simple laboratory on his own in a refurbished hospital kitchen, and it was there that he started making his most notable discoveries. His major achievement was the development of staining technique for nerve tissue called the black reaction (later the [[Golgi's method]]). He published his major works between 1875 and 1885 in the journal ''Rivista sperimentale di Freniatria e di medicina legale''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drouin|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Piloquet|first2=Philippe|last3=Péréon|first3=Yann|title=The first illustrations of neurons by Camillo Golgi|journal=The Lancet Neurology|date=2015|volume=14|issue=6|pages=567|doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00051-4|pmid=25987274|s2cid=7920555}}</ref> In 1875, he joined the faculty of histology at the University of Pavia. In 1879, he was appointed Chair of Anatomy at the [[University of Siena]]. But the next year, he returned to the University of Pavia as full Professor of histology.<ref name="encyclo">{{cite web|last1=Zanobio|first1=Bruno|title=Camillo Golgi facts, information, pictures |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/medicine-biographies/camillo-golgi|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=22 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> From 1879 he also became Professor of General Pathology as well as Honorary Chief (''Primario ad honorarem'') at the San Matteo Hospital. He served as Rector of the University of Pavia twice, first between 1893 and 1896, and second between 1901 and 1909. During the [[First World War]] (1914–1917), he directed the military hospital Collegio Borrmeo at Pavia. He retired in 1918 and continued to research in his private laboratory till 1923. He died on 21 January 1926.<ref name="mazz99" />

===Personal life===

Golgi and his wife Lina Aletti had no children, and they adopted Golgi's niece Carolina.<ref name="benti"/>

Golgi was irreligious in his later life and became an agnostic atheist. One of his former students attempted an unsuccessful [[deathbed conversion]] on him.<ref>Paolo Mazzarello; Henry A. Buchtel; Aldo Badiani (1999). The hidden structure: a scientific biography of Camillo Golgi. Oxford University Press. p. 34. {{ISBN|978-0-19-852444-1}}. It was probably during this period that Golgi became agnostic (or even frankly atheistic), remaining for the rest of his life completely alien to the religious experience.</ref><ref>Rapport, Richard L. Nerve Endings: The Discovery of the Synapse. New York: W.W. Norton, 2005. Print.</ref>