Editing Cameron Parish, Louisiana (section)

==History==

This was part of La Louisiane, colonized by the French beginning in the 17th and early 18th centuries. They encountered the [[Atakapa]] and [[Choctaw]] indigenous peoples, who had occupied this area for thousands of years.

===18th century===
In the late 1700s, after France had ceded New France (Canada) and other holdings east of the Mississippi River to [[Great Britain]] following its defeat in 1763 in the [[Seven Years' War]], a number of French-speaking refugee families from [[Acadia]] settled in this part of coastal Louisiana. Some had fought against the British with Indian allies during the war in Acadia. Among them were Joseph "Beausoleil" Broussard, his brothers Alexander and Pierre, and their wives and families, who first went to [[Saint-Domingue]] (now Haiti) before settling in Louisiana. The British expelled many Acadians for their resistance, particularly their refusal to make loyalty oaths to Great Britain.<ref name="broussard">[http://www.familyatlouisiana.com/broussard-family.html Nola Mae Ross, "Broussard family traced back to roots in France"], ''Cameron Parish Pilot'' (Cameron, LA), May 24, 2012; retrieved January 4, 2017</ref> Numerous other French-speaking families settled here and their descendants populate the smaller towns.

In the 18th century, France ceded its holdings in Louisiana and other areas west of the Mississippi River to Spain, and the Spanish colonial government made grants of land to the Acadians. France took control of this territory again at the turn of the nineteenth century for a short period under [[Napoleon Bonaparte]].

===19th century===
In 1803, Napoleon sold all the French territory west of the Mississippi River to the United States in the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. The US was particularly intent on getting control of New Orleans, an important port for its large agricultural interests in what is now the Midwest. Early Anglo-American settlers{{where|date=March 2023}} after the Louisiana Purchase included John M. Smith, Millege McCall, John William Sweeney, George W. Wakefield, William Doxey, James Hale, James Root, and John M. Miller.<ref>Perrin, W.H. (1891) ''Southwest Louisiana Biographical and Historical,'' Reprinted 1971. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Claitor's Publishing Division</ref>

In 1807, this territory became part of Calcasieu Parish, established by the new Louisiana Territory legislature. The western part of this coastal area was included in what was called No Man's Land, a disputed area of control between Spain and the US after the Purchase. In the 1806 [[Neutral Ground (Louisiana)|Neutral Ground]] agreement, both parties agreed to leave this free of military occupation or civil law enforcement.<ref name="blockcal"/> The area between the [[Calcasieu River]] (at the time known to the Spanish as the Arroyo Hondo) on the east and the [[Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana)|Sabine River]] on the west became a hotbed of outlaws, pirates including [[Jean Lafitte]], and other nefarious characters for many years.<ref name="blockcal"/> It was finally acquired by the United States in 1819 under the [[Adams-Onis Treaty]] with Spain. (In 1870 these two rivers were designated as the eastern and western boundaries, respectively, of the new Cameron Parish, taken from the southern part of Calcasieu Parish.)

During the [[American Civil War]], loyalties in this area and in the greater coastal area were divided between Unionists and Confederates. Bands of local "Jayhawkers," also known as bushwhackers, were active in the area. There were numerous Unionists near Sabine Lake and Leesburg (now Cameron). Others were located near the mouth of the Calcasieu and near [[Grand Chenier, Louisiana|Grand Chenier]], then in Vermilion Parish. The Union Navy had forces at Sabine Lake.<ref name="blockcal"/>

The Mermentau Jayhawkers were made up of a band of "200 mounted draft dodgers, bushwhackers, cattle thieves, runaway slaves, and Confederate deserters from Texas and Louisiana."<ref name="blockcal"/> They regularly raided federal supply lines and plundered from the local people, earning the enmity of both Union and Confederate regulars. If caught by Confederate forces, Jayhawker deserters were quickly court-martialed and executed. Local forces also organized as Regulators in an effort to protect women and children of local families, and repulse the Jayhawkers. After the end of the war, some of the [[vigilante]] Regulators turned to suppressing blacks and resisting Reconstruction.<ref name="blockcal">[http://www.wtblock.com/wtblockjr/ W.T. Block, "CALCASIEU PARISH, LA: HOTBED OF THE CIVIL WAR JAYHAWKERS"], W.T. Block website and blog, 1988-2016</ref>

Cameron Parish was organized in 1870 during the [[Reconstruction era]] and was made up of portions of [[Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana|Calcasieu]] and [[Vermilion Parish, Louisiana|Vermilion]] parishes. It was one of several new parishes organized by the Republican-dominated legislature to create new centers of Republican political strength. Cameron Parish is named for Republican [[Simon Cameron]], a [[Pennsylvania]]n who was President [[Abraham Lincoln]]'s first [[United States Secretary of War|secretary of war]]. Today its population is overwhelmingly majority white and Republican in the 21st-century realignment.

This is among the largest civil parishes in Louisiana, yet the least populated, owing to the high proportion of land area made up of marsh and wetlands. Cameron Parish comprises a large portion of the Louisiana [[Chenier]] Plain; it is home to numerous cheniers, and elevated fertile ridges that occur in certain coastal regions, particularly in Louisiana. These were developed for cotton plantations both before and after the Civil War; settlers also raised stock.

===20th century===
In 1937, the [[Pure Oil Company]] discovered the first Louisiana offshore oil field, the Creole Field,  {{convert|1.2|mi}} from the shore of Cameron Parish, from a platform built on [[timber pilings]] in {{convert|10|to|15|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} water.<ref>Theron Wasson (1948) "Creole Field, Gulf of Mexico, Coast of Louisiana" in ''Structure of Typical American Oil Fields'', v.3, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, p.281-298.</ref><ref>Edgar Wesley Owen (1975) ''Trek of the Oil Finders'', American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Memoir 6, p.800.</ref>

Some of southwest Louisiana was developed for industrial processing and export of oil products. In some areas, wetlands were drained and bayous dredged for navigation. This has been found to increase erosion of the wetlands and loss to area soils, with loss of coastline. Small farmers and hunters continued to make [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence living]] in some rural areas.

From the mid-20th century to the early 21st century, the parish was severely damaged four times and its history was marked by hurricanes Audrey, Rita, Ike, and Laura.

It was devastated by [[Hurricane Audrey]] on June 27, 1957, which caused more than 390 deaths. Authors Nola Mae Ross and Susan McFillen Goodson chronicled the stories of many survivors in their book ''Hurricane Audrey'' (1997).<ref>Ross, N.M. and S.M. Goodson. 1997. ''Hurricane Audrey.'' Wise Publications, Sulphur, Louisiana. {{ISBN|1-887144-08-0}}.</ref> National press coverage at the time recounted tales of tragedy and heroism.<ref>"Hurricane season starts early - and it's deadly.", ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine (1957) 43(2):8-13.</ref>  The [[American Medical Association]] honored a local Cameron physician, Cecil Clark, as the 'General Practitioner of the Year' in recognition of his dedicated service despite the great personal loss.<ref>"The General Practitioner's Award." 1957. ''J Am Med Assoc.'' 165(16):2089.</ref>  Hurricane Audrey was a defining event for Cameron Parish for nearly 50 years, with local history being divided into "before" and "after" the storm.

===21st century===
On September 24, 2005, much of the parish was destroyed by [[Hurricane Rita]]. The movie ''[[Little Chenier]]'' was filmed in Southwest Louisiana just prior to Hurricane Rita. It contains some of the only film images of the area before it was destroyed.

In 2008, three years after Rita, [[Hurricane Ike]] came ashore at High Island, TX with a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge, which was far worse than Rita's {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=on}} surge.<ref name="New York Review">{{cite web |url=http://newyorkreview.org/mag/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=308&Itemid=36 |author=Margaret Saizan |title=A Visual Story of Hurricane Rita |work=New York Review |access-date=June 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814022725/http://newyorkreview.org/mag/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=308&Itemid=36 |archive-date=August 14, 2007 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Nearly all of the coastline in that area was flooded heavily, with surge and floodwaters reaching 60 miles inland,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/091308dntxswikela.707602ab.html|title=Mega Surge|website=dallasnews.com|access-date=April 14, 2018}}</ref> as far north as [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/news/texassouthwest/stories/091308dntxswikela.707602ab.html|title=Surge floodwaters|website=dallasnews.com|access-date=April 14, 2018}}</ref> In Cameron Parish the communities of [[Cameron, Louisiana|Cameron]], [[Holly Beach, Louisiana|Holly Beach]], [[Hackberry, Louisiana|Hackberry]], Creole, and Grand Chenier were essentially destroyed.
From 2000 to 2010, the population in the parish dropped by nearly one-third as a result of the two hurricanes in 2005 and 2008.

In 2020, [[Hurricane Laura]] made landfall near [[Cameron, Louisiana|Cameron]], boasting winds of over {{convert|150|mph|km/h|adj=on}} winds and {{convert|9|ft|m|adj=on}} storm surge early on August 27, with the water reaching northwards towards [[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]]. [[Hurricane Delta]] made landfall in [[Creole, Louisiana|Creole]] six weeks later as a Category 2 hurricane with {{convert|100|mph|km/h|adj=on}} winds on October 9, 2020.

There are tourist destinations for hunting and fishing.