Editing Camberwell (section)

==History==
[[File:Camberwell Green.jpg|left|thumb|Camberwell Green]]
Camberwell appears in the [[Domesday Book]] as ''Cambrewelle''.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DSIOAQAAMAAJ | title=Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names | author=Anthony David Mills | publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] | year=2001 | isbn=0-19-280106-6}}</ref> The name may derive from the [[Old English language|Old English]] Cumberwell or Comberwell, meaning 'Well of the [[Britons (historical)|Britons]]', referring to remaining Celtic inhabitants of an area dominated by [[Anglo-Saxons]].<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5394738/Ancient-well-that-gave-name-to-Camberwell-unearthed.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5394738/Ancient-well-that-gave-name-to-Camberwell-unearthed.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Ancient well that gave name to Camberwell unearthed |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=27 February 2011 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> An alternative theory suggests the name may mean 'Cripple Well', and that the settlement developed as a hamlet where people from the [[City of London]] were expelled when they had a contagious disease like [[leprosy]], for treatment by the church and the clean, healing waters from the wells.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}} Springs and wells are known to have existed on the southern slope of [[Denmark Hill]], especially around Grove Park.

It was already a substantial settlement with a church when mentioned in the [[Domesday Book]], and was the parish church for a large area including [[Dulwich]] and [[Peckham]]. It was held by Haimo the Sheriff (of Kent). Its Domesday assets were: 6 [[hide (unit)|hide]]s and 1 [[virgate]] (i.e. {{Convert|750|acres|ha|abbr=off|disp=or}}); 1 church, 8 [[plough]]s, {{convert|63|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of [[meadow]], [[woodland]] worth 60 [[hog (swine)|hog]]s. It rendered £14. Up to the mid-19th century, Camberwell was visited by Londoners for its rural tranquillity and the reputed healing properties of its mineral springs. Like much of inner South London, Camberwell was transformed by the arrival of the railways in the 1860s.<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/> [[Camberwell Green]] is now a very small area of common land; it was once a traditional village green on which was held an annual fair, of ancient origin, which rivalled that of [[Greenwich]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Weinreb |first=Ben |url=http://archive.org/details/londonencycloped00ias |title=The London Encyclopedia |publisher=Adler & Adler |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-917561-07-8 |location=Bethesda, MD |pages=141 |language=en}}</ref>

There is evidence of a black community residing in Camberwell, made up mostly of [[Atlantic slave trade|enslaved people from Africa and North America]] during the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Lives in England - Black British History in the 18th and 19th Centuries {{!}} Historic England |url=https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/the-slave-trade-and-abolition/sites-of-memory/black-lives-in-england/ |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=historicengland.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> Some of these people fled their [[Slavery in Britain|slavery]] in an attempt to create a new life for themselves in the streets of London. While very little is known about most of the escapees, some insight can be gained into the life of sailor James Williams, an enslaved man from the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=4th Queen's Own Hussars {{!}} National Army Museum |url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/4th-queens-own-hussars |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=www.nam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Runaway slave database |url=https://www.runaways.gla.ac.uk/database/table/ |publisher=University of Glasgow}}</ref>
[[File:CambCamberwellParishBoundaryMarker.jpg|left|150px|thumbnail|Boundary marker for Camberwell Parish on the route of the [[Effra]] at [[Gipsy Hill]]. This is not the boundary of what is now known as Camberwell]]

===Local government===
====The parish of Camberwell====
''Camberwell St Giles'' is the name given to an ancient, and later civil, parish in the [[Brixton (hundred)|Brixton]] hundred of [[Surrey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Camberwell St Giles Surrey Family History Guide |url=https://www.parishmouse.co.uk/surrey/camberwell-st-giles-surrey-family-history-guide/ |website=Parishmouse Surrey |access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=vision_parish>Vision of Britain – [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10128742&c_id=10001043 Camberwell parish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010063334/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10128742&c_id=10001043 |date=10 October 2010 }} ([http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10128742&c_id=10001043 historic map]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> The parish covered {{convert|4570|acre|ha|abbr=off}} in 1831 and was divided into the liberty of [[Peckham]] to the east and the hamlet of [[Dulwich]] to the southwest, as well as Camberwell proper. The parish tapered in the south to form a point in what is now known as the [[Crystal Palace, London|Crystal Palace]] area.<ref name=vision_parish/> In 1801, the population was 7,059 and by 1851 this had risen to 54,667.<ref>Vision of Britain – [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_theme_page.jsp?u_id=10128742&c_id=10001043&data_theme=T_POP Camberwell population]</ref> In 1829, it was included in the [[Metropolitan Police District]] and in 1855 it was included in the area of responsibility of the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]], with Camberwell Vestry nominating one member to the board. In 1889 the board was replaced by the [[London County Council]] and Camberwell was removed administratively from Surrey to form part of the [[County of London]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kirby |first1=Alison |title=History of Brunswick Park – Declared "one of the prettiest open spaces in south London" |year=2018|journal=Camberwell Quarterly|issue=196|page=9|url=http://www.camberwellsociety.org.uk/rw_common/plugins/stacks/armadillo/media/CQ196_2.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730004026/https://www.camberwellsociety.org.uk/rw_common/plugins/stacks/armadillo/media/CQ196_2.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Camberwell Met. B Ward Map 1916.svg|thumb|A map showing the wards of [[Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell]] as they appeared in 1916, This includes [[Dulwich]], [[Peckham]], etc.]]

====The Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell====
In 1900, the area of the Camberwell parish became the [[Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell]].<ref>Vision of Britain – [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10108032&c_id=10001043 Camberwell MB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317043221/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10108032&c_id=10001043 |date=17 March 2008 }} ([http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/bound_map_page.jsp?first=true&u_id=10108032&c_id=10001043 historic map]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }})</ref> In 1965, the metropolitan borough was abolished and its former area became the southern part of the London Borough of Southwark in [[Greater London]]. The western part of the area is situated in the adjacent [[London Borough of Lambeth]].

===Industrial history===
The area has historically been home to many factories, including [[R. White's Lemonade]], which originated in Camberwell, as well as [[Dualit]] toasters.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History - Dualit Website |url=https://www.dualit.com/pages/our-history}}</ref> Neither of these companies is now based in the area.

===Former schools===
[[Wilson's School]] was founded in 1615 in Camberwell by royal charter by Edward Wilson, vicar of the Parish of Camberwell. The charter was granted by [[James VI and I|James I]]. The school moved to its current site in [[Croydon]] in 1975. A school for girls, [[Mary Datchelor Girls' School]], was established in Camberwell in 1877. It was built on two houses at 15 and 17 Grove Lane, the location of a former manor house. All except one of its 30 pupils came from the parish of St Andrew Undershaft in the City of London. The funding for the school came from a bequest from Mary Datchelor, who died childless. Proceeds of a property in [[Threadneedle Street]] used as a coffee-house were used to pay for apprenticeships for the poor boys of the parish, but as demographics in the City changed, it was decided to set up a school. By the 1970s, the school was receiving funding from the [[Clothworkers' Company]] and the [[Inner London Education Authority]] funded teaching posts. The school came under pressure from ILEA to become co-educational and comprehensive. Faced with this choice or becoming fully private, the school's governors instead decided to close in 1981. The school buildings were later used as offices for the charity [[Save the Children]] but have now been converted to flats.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://heritage.southwark.gov.uk/objects/317/mary-datchelor-school-camberwell-grove;jsessionid=BB9D9B6B2FAF4191B8CFC96178470121|title=Mary Datchelor School, Camberwell Grove – Works – Southwark Heritage|website=heritage.southwark.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F100193|title=The Discovery Service|first=The National|last=Archives|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exploringsouthwark.co.uk/mary-datchelor-school/4593161554|title=Mary Datchelor School – Exploring Southwark|website=exploringsouthwark.co.uk|access-date=12 August 2018|archive-date=12 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812151607/http://www.exploringsouthwark.co.uk/mary-datchelor-school/4593161554|url-status=dead}}</ref> 

[[Camberwell Collegiate School]] was an independent school located on the eastern side of Camberwell Grove, directly opposite the Grove Chapel. The Collegiate College had some success for a while, and led to the closure for some decades of the Denmark Hill Grammar School. However it had difficulty competing with other nearby schools including Dulwich College, and was closed in 1867.The land was sold for building.<ref name="old+new">{{cite web |url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=45281 |title=Camberwell |first=Edward |last=Walford |work=Old and New London: Volume 6 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |year=1878 |access-date=7 September 2012 }}</ref><ref name="aldrich">{{cite book
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 |title=A topographical dictionary of England
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