Editing Calque (section)

== Types ==
One system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal:<ref>Smith, May. ''The Influence of French on Eighteenth-century Literary Russian''. pp.&nbsp;29–30.</ref>
* ''Phraseological calques'': [[idiomatic phrase]]s are translated word for word. For example, "[[:wiktionary:go without saying|it goes without saying]]" calques the French {{lang|fr|ça va sans dire}}.<ref>[[Henry Watson Fowler|Fowler, H. W.]] [1908] 1999. "[http://www.bartleby.com/116/105.html Vocabulary § Foreign Words]." chap. 1 in ''The King's English'' (2nd ed.). New York: [[Bartleby.com|Bartelby.com]].</ref>
* ''Syntactic calques'': [[syntactic function]]s or constructions of the source language are imitated in the target language, in violation of their meaning. For example, the use of "by" instead of "with" in the phrase "fine by me" is thought to have come from Yiddish {{transliteration|yi|bei}}, namely from the 1930s Yiddish Broadway musical song title [[Bei Mir Bistu Shein]], {{literal translation|To Me You're Beautiful}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://languagelore.net/2013/01/25/its-ok-by-me-as-a-syntactic-calque/|date=25 January 2013|title="It's OK by Me" as a Syntactic Calque|first=Michael|last=Shapiro|website=Language Lore |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928033349/https://languagelore.net/2013/01/25/its-ok-by-me-as-a-syntactic-calque/ |archive-date= Sep 28, 2022 }}</ref>
* ''Loan-translations'': words are translated [[morpheme]] by morpheme, or component by component, into another language. 
* ''Semantic calques'' (also known as ''[[semantic loan]]s''): additional meanings of the source word are transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language. As described below, the "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal; many other languages have extended their own native word for "mouse" to include the computer mouse.
* ''Morphological calques'': the [[inflection]] of a word is transferred. Some authors call this a ''morpheme-by-morpheme translation''.<ref name="gilliot">Gilliot, Claude. "The Authorship of the Qur'ān." In ''The Qur'an in its Historical Context'', edited by [[Gabriel Said Reynolds|G. S. Reynolds]]. p. 97.</ref>

Some linguists refer to a ''phonological calque'', in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language.<ref name=":0">Yihua, Zhang, and Guo Qiping. 2010. "An Ideal Specialised Lexicography for Learners in China based on English-Chinese Specialised Dictionaries." Pp. 171–92 in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vP2jibCnejQC&pg=PA1 Specialised Dictionaries for Learners]'', edited by P. A. F. Olivera. Berlin: de Gruyter. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vP2jibCnejQC&pg=PA187 p. 187]. {{ISBN|9783110231328}}</ref> For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word {{wikt-lang|zh|雷达}} ({{Lang-zh|c=|s=|t=|p=léidá}}),<ref name=":0" /> which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder".

===Partial===
{{anchor|Partial calques}}
{{anchor|Loan blend}}
{{anchor|Loanblend}}
Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others.<ref>Durkin, Philip. ''The Oxford Guide to Etymology''. § 5.1.4</ref> For example, the name of the Irish digital television service {{lang|ga|[[Saorview]]|italic=no}} is a partial calque of that of the UK service "[[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]]", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "[[liverwurst]]" (< German {{wikt-lang|de|Leberwurst}})<ref>{{Cite OED|liverwurst}}</ref> and "[[apple strudel]]" (< German {{wikt-lang|de|Apfelstrudel}}).<ref>{{Cite OED|apple strudel}}</ref>

=== Semantic ===
The "[[computer mouse]]" was named in English for its resemblance to the [[mouse|animal]]. Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using a [[diminutive]] or, in [[Chinese language|Chinese]], adding the word "[[Cursor (user interface)|cursor]]" ({{Lang|zh-Hani|标|italic=no}}), making {{Lang|cmn-latn|shǔbiāo}} "mouse cursor" ({{zh|t=鼠標 |s=鼠标 |p=shǔbiāo}}).{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Another example is the Spanish word ''ratón'' that means both the animal and the computer mouse.<ref name="DPD - ratón">{{cite web |title=ratón |url=https://www.rae.es/dpd/rat%C3%B3n |website=Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (DPD), 2.ª edición (versión provisional) |publisher=Real Academia Española y Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |access-date=30 May 2024 |ref=DPD - raton |language=Spanish}}</ref>