Editing Callisto (moon) (section)

==History==

===Discovery===
Callisto was discovered independently by [[Simon Marius]] and [[Galileo Galilei]] in 1610, along with the three other large Jovian moons—[[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]], [[Io (moon)|Io]] and [[Europa (moon)|Europa]].<ref name=Galilei>{{cite book |last=Galilei |first=G. |title=Sidereus Nuncius |date=13 March 1610|title-link=Sidereus Nuncius }}</ref>

===Name===
Callisto, like all of Jupiter's moons, is named after one of [[Zeus]]'s many lovers or other sexual partners in [[Greek mythology]]. [[Callisto (mythology)|Callisto]] was a nymph (or, according to some sources, the daughter of [[Lycaon (king of Arcadia)|Lycaon]]) who was associated with the goddess of the hunt, [[Artemis]].<ref name=Galileo/> The name was suggested by [[Simon Marius]] soon after Callisto's discovery.<ref name="Marius">{{cite book |last=Marius |first=S. |url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/marius.html |title=Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici |year=1614 |author-link=Simon Marius |access-date=15 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929023619/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/marius.html |archive-date=29 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Marius attributed the suggestion to [[Johannes Kepler]].<ref name=Galileo>{{cite web|title=Satellites of Jupiter|publisher=The Galileo Project|url=http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/jupiter_satellites.html|access-date=31 July 2007|archive-date=11 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211140650/http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/observations/jupiter_satellites.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Jupiter is much blamed by the poets on account of his irregular loves. Three maidens are especially mentioned as having been clandestinely courted by Jupiter with success. Io, daughter of the River Inachus, Callisto of Lycaon, Europa of Agenor. Then there was Ganymede, the handsome son of King Tros, whom Jupiter, having taken the form of an eagle, transported to heaven on his back, as poets fabulously tell... I think, therefore, that I shall not have done amiss if the First is called by me Io, the Second Europa, the Third, on account of its majesty of light, Ganymede, the Fourth Callisto...<ref name=Helden>{{cite journal |last1=Van Helden |first1=Albert |title=Naming the Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn |journal=The Newsletter of the Historical Astronomy Division of the American Astronomical Society |date=August 1994 |issue=32 |url=https://had.aas.org/sites/had.aas.org/files/HADN32.pdf |access-date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207151902/https://had.aas.org/sites/had.aas.org/files/HADN32.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Marius |first1=Simon |title=Mundus Iovialis: anno MDCIX detectus ope perspicilli Belgici, hoc est, quatuor Jovialium planetarum, cum theoria, tum tabulæ |date=1614 |publisher=Sumptibus & Typis Iohannis Lauri |location=Nuremberg |page=B2, recto and verso (images 35 and 36), with erratum on last page (image 78) |url=https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/748b6fe7-62da-5877-ae84-885372b3030c |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702154450/https://repository.ou.edu/uuid/748b6fe7-62da-5877-ae84-885372b3030c |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

However, the names of the [[Galilean moons|Galilean satellites]] fell into disfavor for a considerable time, and were not revived in common use until the mid-20th century. In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Callisto is referred to by its Roman numeral designation, a system introduced by Galileo, as '''{{nowrap|Jupiter IV}}''' or as "the fourth satellite of Jupiter".<ref name=Barnard1892>{{cite journal|last=Barnard|first=E. E.|title=Discovery and Observation of a Fifth Satellite to Jupiter|journal=Astronomical Journal|volume=12|year=1892|pages=81–85|doi=10.1086/101715|bibcode=1892AJ.....12...81B}}</ref>

There is no established English adjectival form of the name. The adjectival form of Greek Καλλιστῴ ''Kallistōi'' is Καλλιστῴος ''Kallistōi-os'', from which one might expect Latin ''Callistōius'' and English *Callistóian (with 5 syllables), parallel to Sapphóian (4 syllables) for ''[[Sappho|Sapphō<sub>i</sub>]]''<ref>''The Thistle'', January 1903, vol. I, no. 2, p. 4</ref> and Letóian for ''[[Leto|Lētō<sub>i</sub>]]''.<ref>E. Alan Roberts (2013) ''The Courage of Innocence: (The Virgin of Phileros)'', p. 191</ref> However, the [[iota subscript]] is often omitted from such Greek names (cf. ''Inóan''<ref>George Stuart (1882) ''The Eclogues, Georgics, and Moretum of Virgil'', p. 271</ref> from ''[[Ino (mythology)|Īnō<sub>i</sub>]]''<ref>{{L&S|Ino|ref}}</ref> and ''Argóan''<ref>Noah Webster (1832) ''A Dictionary of the English Language''</ref> from ''[[Argo|Argō<sub>i</sub>]]''<ref>{{L&S|Argo|ref}}</ref>), and indeed the analogous form '''Callistoan''' is found.<ref name=Klemaszewski2001>{{cite web|last1= Klemaszewski|first1= J.A.|last2=Greeley, R.|title= Geological Evidence for an Ocean on Callisto |year=2001|publisher=Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI|page=1818|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1818.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2001/pdf/1818.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Steven Croft (1985) "Ripple Ring Basins on Ganymede and Callisto", [ibid] p. 206</ref><ref>David M. Harland (2000) ''Jupiter Odyssey: The Story of NASA's Galileo Mission'', p. 165</ref>
In Virgil, a second [[oblique stem]] appears in Latin: ''Callistōn-,''<ref>Genitive ''Callistūs'' or ''Callistōnis''. {{L&S|Callisto|ref}}</ref> but the corresponding '''Callistonian''' has rarely appeared in English.<ref>''[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]],'' v.71, 1911</ref> One also sees ''ad hoc'' forms, such as '''Callistan''',<ref name=Moore1999/> '''Callistian'''<ref>P. Leonardi (1982), Geological results of twenty years of space enterprises: Satellites of Jupiter and Saturn, in ''Geologica romana,'' p. 468.</ref> and '''Callistean'''.<ref>Pierre Thomas & Philippe Mason (1985) "Tectonics of the Vahalla Structure on Callisto", ''Reports of Planetary Geology and Geophysics Program – 1984'', NASA Technical Memorandum 87563, p. 535</ref><ref>Jean-Pierre Burg & Mary Ford (1997) ''Orogeny Through Time'', p. 55</ref>

Planetary moons other than Earth's were never given symbols in the astronomical literature. Denis Moskowitz, a software engineer who designed most of the [[dwarf planet]] symbols, proposed a Greek [[kappa]] (the initial of Callisto) combined with the cross-bar of the Jupiter symbol as the symbol of Callisto ([[File:Callisto symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]]). This symbol is not widely used.<ref name=moons>{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2025/25079-phobos-and-deimos.pdf |title=Phobos and Deimos symbols |last1=Bala |first1=Gavin Jared |last2=Miller |first2=Kirk |date=7 March 2025 |website=unicode.org |publisher=The Unicode Consortium |access-date=14 March 2025 |quote=}}</ref>