Editing Calais (section)

==Names and etymology<span class="anchor" id="Names of Calais"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology of Calais"></span>==
{{see also|Names of Calais in different languages}}

The name ''Calais'' first appears in the historical record late in the twelfth century AD in a mention by Count [[Gerard of Guelders]] of a charter by his father [[Matthew of Alsace]],<ref name="Dauzat">{{Cite book |language=fr |first1=Albert|last1=Dauzat |first2=Charles |last2=Rostaing|title=Dictionnaire étymologique des noms de lieu en France |location=Paris |publisher=Librairie Guénégaud |year=1979 |page=131b |isbn=2-85023-076-6}}.</ref> Some references mention the Latin name ''Calesium'' being used as early as the ninth century but without providing sources for the claim.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_908vAAAAMAAJ/page/n9/mode/2up "Calais"] ''Dictionnaire encyclopédique d la France.'' Philippe le Bas, ed. Volume 4. Paris, 1840. p. 4. {{inlang|fr}}</ref>  [[Medieval Latin]] ''Calesium'' derives ultimately from Latin ''Caletum'', in turn from [[Caletes]], a Belgic or Gallic tribe dwelling in [[Pays de Caux]], in present-day Normandy.  The [[Gaulish language|Gaulish]] [[ethnonym]] ''Caletoi'' literally means "the hard ones", that is to say "the stubborn" or "the tough" and derives from the [[Proto-Celtic language|Proto-Celtic]] stem ''*kaletos''- ("hard, cruel, strong")<ref>{{Cite book|last=Busse|first=Peter E.|title=Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia|date=2006|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-440-0|editor-last=Koch|editor-first=John T.|page=199|chapter=Belgae|editor-link=John T. Koch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|date=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre|page=98}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lambert|first=Pierre-Yves|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjMcAQAAIAAJ|title=La langue gauloise: description linguistique, commentaire d'inscriptions choisies|date=1994|publisher=Errance|isbn=978-2-87772-089-2|author-link=Pierre-Yves Lambert|page=34}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Matasović|first=Ranko|title=Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004173361|author-link=Ranko Matasović|page=185}}</ref>  Early French sources use a bewildering array of spellings from ''Kaleeis'' to ''Kalais'' to ''Calays'' together with Latin-based ''Calaisiacum, Calesetum'' and ''Calasium''.<ref name="DicoTopo">{{Cite web |title=Calais |url=https://dicotopo.cths.fr/places/P84710378 |website=Dictionnaire topographique de la France |access-date=30 July 2024}}.</ref>{{efn|Other French variants included ''Kaleis, Kalet, Kales, Kalees, Chalais, Kalesium, Caleys, Calez, Calai, Chalays, Callais, Callès, Calisia'' and ''Callays''.<ref name="DicoTopo"/>}} The modern French spelling of ''Calais'' first appeared in 1331.<ref name="DicoTopo"/>

The earliest English name for the city was the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] ''Caleis''.  In [[Middle English|Middle]] and [[Early Modern English]], variants including ''Caleys, Calais, Calays, Callis'' and ''Cales'' were used.{{efn|In English sources, ''Caleis, Cales, Caleyes, Calis, Callaice, Callais, Calles, Calleis, Calleys, Callice, Callies, Callis, Calliss, Callys, Calys'' and ''Calysse'' are all attested.<ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/letters-papers-hen8/vol21/no2/pp537-571 Index] of Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 21 Part 2, September 1546-January 1547. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1910. Reprinted in British History Online. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref><ref>[https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/foreign/vol22/pp435-443 Index] of Calendar of State Papers Foreign: Elizabeth, Volume 22, July–December 1588. His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1936. Reprinted in British History Online. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref>}}  In later Middle English, the name of the city was most commonly spelt ''Cales'', and this spelling survived well into the modern period,{{efn|[[Samuel Pepys|Pepys]] uses "Cales" in the [[wikisource:Diary of Samuel Pepys/1664/June#16th|16 June 1664 entry]] of his diary.}} but Shakespeare for example used the spelling ''Callice''.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jürgen |last=Schäfer |title=The Orthography of Proper Names in Modern-Spelling Editions of Shakespeare |journal= Studies in Bibliography |volume=23 |date=1970 |page=17 |jstor=40371498}}</ref><ref>[https://www.shakespeareswords.com/public/glossary.aspx?id=22093 "Callice (n.)"] at Shakespeare's Words glossary. Retrieved 30 July 2024.</ref>  Confusingly, the name ''Cales'' found in the sarcastic rhyme beginning "A gentleman of Wales, a knight of Cales" and the ballad "The Winning of Cales" collected by [[Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]] refers not to Calais, but to [[Cadiz]] in Spain.<ref>[https://www.exclassics.com/percy/perc93.htm "The Winning of Cales."] at the Ex-Classics project website. "The subject of this ballad is the taking of the city of Cadiz (called by our sailors corruptly Cales)..."</ref>

The ''Cales'' spelling was also used in other European languages at the time, including Spanish,<ref>Hipólito San Joseph Delpino. ''A new Spanish grammar; or, The elements of the Spanish language: ... A new edition [etc.]'' Revised and improved by Raymundo del Pueyo. F. Wingrave, 1814. [https://books.google.com/books?id=F9phAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA190 p. 190.]</ref> Italian<ref>''Lexicon geographicum, in quo universi orbis oppida, urbes, regiones, provinciae, regna [etc.]'' 1657. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7SNhAAAAcAAJ&q=Calais&pg=PA186 p. 186.]</ref><ref name="Duez"/> and German<ref name="Duez">Nathanaël Duez. ''Nova nomenclatura quatuor linguarum, Gallico, Germanico, Italico, & Latino idiomate conscripta.'' Latest edition, revised. 1652. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AfxmAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA125 p. 125.]</ref> and it is reflected in the city's name in the local [[Picard language]], ''Calés''.

Other archaic names for the city are Portuguese ''Calêsio''<ref>{{cite book|chapter=CAL |date=1849 |first=Eduardo Augusto de |last=Faria |location=Lisboa |page=25 |publisher=Typographia Lisbonense |title=Novo Diccionario da Lingua Portugueza |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BqekMaFKt4C&pg=RA1-PA25 |volume=2}}<!-- auto-translated from Portuguese by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> and German ''Kalen''.  ''Kales'', the city's historic name in Dutch and [[West Flemish]] (once spoken in the area) was retained until more recently in the name for the [[Strait of Dover]], ''Nauw van Kales'', and is still used in Dutch sources wishing to emphasise former linguistic ties to the area.

Though the modern French spelling of ''Calais'' gradually supplanted other variants in English, the pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|ᵻ|s}} ({{respell|KAL|iss}}) persisted and survives in other towns named for the European city including [[Calais, Maine]],<ref>{{Citation| author = The Canadian Press| author-link = The Canadian Press| title = The Canadian Press Stylebook| place = Toronto| publisher = [[The Canadian Press]]| edition = 18th| year = 2017}}</ref> and [[Calais, Vermont]], in the United States.  In "[[wikisource:"De Gustibus—"|De Gustibus]]" (1855), [[Robert Browning]] rhymes ''Calais'' with ''malice''.{{efn|Though paraphrasing [[Mary I of England]]: <br/>''"Queen Mary's saying serves for me—<br/>(When fortune's malice<br/>Lost her, Calais.)<br/>Open my heart and you will see<br/>Graved inside of it, "Italy.""''.<br/><br/>

This alludes to Mary's alleged comment on the [[Siege of Calais (1558)|1558 loss of Calais to France]]: "When I am dead and opened, you shall find 'Calais' lying in my heart."}}

The pronunciation shift can be seen in the 19th century where the {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|ᵻ|s}} pronunciation with the ''s'' ending was prescribed through much of the century,<ref>Rev. John Robinson. ''An Easy Grammar of History; Ancient and Modern.'' 4th ed. Philadelphia, Bennett & Walton, 1819. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iloQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134 p. 134.] "Ca′-lais, (pronounced Cal-lis,)"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Laws of Etiquette; Or, Short Rules and Reflections for Conduct in Society |publisher=Carey, Lea, and Blanchard |location=Philadelphia |page=150 |date=1836 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5681 |quote=In speaking of French cities and towns, it is a mark of refinement in education to pronounce them rigidly according to English rules of speech. Mr. Fox, the best French scholar, and one of the best bred men in England, always sounded the ''x'' in ''Bourdeaux'' [sic], and the ''s'' in Calais, and on all occasions pronounced such names just as they are written.}}</ref><ref>"Pedantic Pronunciation." ''The Christmas Bookseller 1871.'' London, 12 December 1871. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uRIDAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PA48 p. 48.] "Whilst ashamed to call Paris ''Parry'' and Calais ''Cally'', the pedantic Englishman endeavours to pronounce St. Cloud and St. Denis in French fashion..."</ref> but was disappearing by the end.<ref>Alfred Ayres. ''The Orthoëpist: a Pronouncing Manual Containing about Four Thousand Five Hundred Words.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1895. [https://books.google.com/books?id=VGpGAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA44 p. 44.] "Pronounced, if Anglicized, ''kăl′is''; but I have no recollection of ever having heard it so pronounced, except as the name of a town in Maine."</ref>  In the beginning of the twentieth century, the English pronunciation {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|l|eɪ}} {{respell|KAL|ay}} with stress on the first syllable was firmly established.<ref>C. O. Sylvester Mawson. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NbgoAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA228 "The Pronunciation of War Names."] ''Uncle Sam's Fact Book of the World War.'' New York: C. S. Hammond, 1918.</ref>