Editing Cairo (section)

==Etymology==
The name of Cairo is derived from the Arabic ''{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Qāhirah}}'' ({{lang|ar|القاهرة}}), meaning 'the Vanquisher' or 'the Conqueror', given by the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] Caliph [[al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah|al-Mu'izz]] following the establishment of the city as the capital of the Fatimid dynasty. Its full, formal name was ''{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Qāhirah al-Mu'izziyyah}}'' (القاهرة المعزيّة), meaning 'the Vanquisher of al-Mu'izz'.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jiwa |first=Shainool |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=89SLDwAAQBAJ&dq=cairo+al-mu%27izziya+al-qahira&pg=PT108 |title=The Fatimids: 1 - The Rise of a Muslim Empire |publisher=I.B. Tauris (in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies) |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-78672-174-7 |language=en}}</ref> It is also supposedly due to the fact that the planet [[Mars]], known in Arabic by names such as {{lang|ar-Latn|an-Najm al-Qāhir}} ({{lang|ar|النجم القاهر}}, 'the Conquering Star'), was rising at the time of the city's founding.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sVQBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78 |title=Towards a Shi'i Mediterranean Empire: Fatimid Egypt and the Founding of Cairo |year=2009 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-0-85771-742-9 |page=78}}</ref>

Egyptians often refer to Cairo as ''{{transliteration|arz|Maṣr}}'' ({{IPA|arz|mɑsˤɾ|IPA}}; {{lang|arz|مَصر}}), the [[Egyptian Arabic]] name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's importance for the country.{{sfn|Behrens-Abouseif|1992|p=8}}{{sfn|Golia|2004|p=152}}

There are a number of [[Coptic language|Coptic]] names for the city. ''Tikešrōmi'' ({{Langx|cop|Ϯⲕⲉϣⲣⲱⲙⲓ}} <small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|dikɑʃˈɾoːmi|}}) is attested in the 1211 text ''The Martyrdom of John of Phanijoit'' and is either a calque meaning 'man breaker' ({{lang|cop|Ϯ-}}, 'the', {{lang|cop|ⲕⲁϣ-}}, 'to break', and {{lang|cop|ⲣⲱⲙⲓ}}, 'man'), akin to Arabic ''{{Transliteration|ar|ALA|al-Qāhirah}}'', or a derivation from [[Arabic]] {{Lang|ar|قَصْر الرُوم}} (''qaṣr ar-rūm'', "the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] castle"), another name of [[Babylon Fortress]] in [[Old Cairo]].<ref name="Casanova-1901" /> The Arabic name is also calqued as {{coptic|ⲧⲡⲟⲗⲓⲥ ϯⲣⲉϥϭⲣⲟ}}, "the victor city" in the Coptic antiphonary.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Crum |first=W.E. |title=Catalogue of the Coptic manuscripts in the collection of the John Rylands library, Manchester |year=1909 |location=Manchester |pages=211}}</ref>

The form Khairon ({{Langx|cop|ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ}}) is attested in the modern Coptic text Ⲡⲓⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏⲓ Ⲃⲉⲣⲏⲛⲁ (The Tale of [[Verena of Zurzach|Saint Verina]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ⲡⲓⲫⲓⲣⲓ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ϯⲁⲅⲓⲁ ⲙ̀ⲙⲏⲓ Ⲃⲉⲣⲏⲛⲁ |url=http://www.coptic.org/language/verenastory.html |access-date=2022-06-29 |publisher=coptic.org |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714123340/http://www.coptic.org/language/verenastory.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[WP:NOTRS]]). More clarity is also needed on the origin and relevance of the "modern Coptic text" noted here; if the text in question is merely this anonymous webpage, then it's not noteworthy here.|date=June 2022}} {{transliteration|cop|Lioui}} ({{Lang|cop|Ⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ}} <small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|lɪˈjuːj|}}) or {{transliteration|cop|Elioui}} ({{Lang|cop|Ⲉⲗⲓⲟⲩⲓ}} <small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|ælˈjuːj|}}) is another name which is descended from the Greek name of Heliopolis ({{Lang|grc|Ήλιούπολις}}).<ref name="Casanova-1901">{{Cite journal |last=Casanova |first=Paul |date=1901 |title=Les noms coptes du Caire et localités voisines |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale |volume=1 |pages=139–224|doi=10.3406/bifao.1901.1613 |s2cid=267275122  |issn = 0255-0962}}</ref> Some argue that {{transliteration|cop|Mistram}} ({{Lang|cop|Ⲙⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ}} <small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|ˈmɪstəɾɑm|}}) or {{transliteration|cop|Nistram}} ({{Lang|cop|Ⲛⲓⲥⲧⲣⲁⲙ}} <small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|ˈnɪstəɾɑm|}}) is another Coptic name for Cairo, although others think that it is rather a name for the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] province capital [[al-Askar]].<ref name="Amelineau">{{Cite book |title=La géographie de l'Égypte à l'époque copte |last=Amélineau |first=Emile |pages=543}}</ref> {{lang|cop|Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲏ}} ({{lang|cop-Latn|Kahi•ree}}) is a popular modern rendering of an Arabic name (others being {{lang|cop|Ⲕⲁⲓⲣⲟⲛ}} [Kairon] and {{lang|cop|Ⲕⲁϩⲓⲣⲁ}} [Kahira]) which is modern folk etymology meaning 'land of sun'. Some argue that it was  the name of an Egyptian settlement upon which Cairo was built, but it is rather doubtful as this name is not attested in any [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Hieroglyphic]] or [[Demotic (Egyptian)|Demotic]] source, although some researchers, like Paul Casanova, view it as a legitimate theory.<ref name="Casanova-1901" /> Cairo is also referred to as {{lang|cop|Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ}} (<small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|ˈkɪmi|}}) or {{lang|cop|Ⲅⲩⲡⲧⲟⲥ}} (<small>Late Coptic:</small> {{IPA|cop|ˈɡɪpdos|}}), which means Egypt in Coptic, the same way it is referred to in Egyptian Arabic.<ref name="Amelineau" />

Sometimes the city is informally referred to as ''{{transliteration|arz|Cairo}}'' by people from Alexandria ({{IPA|arz|ˈkæjɾo|IPA}}; {{langx|arz|كايرو}}).<ref>Good News for Me: [http://www.gn4me.com/gn4me/details.jsp?artId=3885468 بلال فضل يتفرغ لـ"أهل اسكندرية" بعد "أهل كايرو"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042411/http://www.gn4me.com/gn4me/details.jsp?artId=3885468 |date=5 March 2016 }} {{in lang|ar}} (Belal Fadl frees himself [to write] ''Ahl Eskendereyya'' (the People of Alexandria) after ''Ahl Kayro'' (the People of Cairo))</ref>