Editing Cabernet Sauvignon (section)

==History and origins==
[[File:Cabernet Franc Weinsberg 20060909.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Cabernet Franc]]
For many years, the origin of Cabernet Sauvignon was not clearly understood, and many myths and conjectures surrounded it.  Until recently, the grape was rumoured to have ancient origins, perhaps even being the ''Biturica'' grape used to make [[ancient Roman wine]] and referenced by [[Pliny the Elder]]. This belief was widely held in the 18th century, when the grape was also known as ''Petite Vidure'' or ''Bidure'', apparently a corruption of ''Biturica''. There was also a belief that ''Vidure'' was a reference to the hardwood (French ''vigne dure'') of the vine, with a possible relationship to [[Carménère]] which was once known as ''Grand Vidure''.<ref name="Clarke pg 47-56">{{cite book |last=Clarke |first=Oz |title=Encyclopedia of Grapes |publisher=Harcourt Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-15-100714-4 |pages=47–56}}</ref> Another theory was that the grapevine originated in the [[La Rioja (Spain)|Rioja]] region of [[Spain]].<ref name="Goldstein pg 134-139">{{cite book |first=E. |last=Goldstein |title=Perfect Pairings |pages=[https://archive.org/details/perfectpairingsm00gold/page/134 134–139] |publisher=University of California Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-520-24377-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/perfectpairingsm00gold/page/134 }}</ref>

While the period when the name ''Cabernet Sauvignon'' became more prevalent over ''Petite Vidure'' is not certain, records indicate that the grape was a popular Bordeaux planting in the 18th century [[Médoc]] region. The first estates known to have actively grown the variety (and the likely source of Cabernet vines for other estates) were [[Château Mouton]] and [[Château d'Armailhac]] in [[Pauillac]].<ref name="Clarke pg 47-56"/>

The grape's true origins were discovered in 1996 with the use of [[DNA typing]] at the [[UC Davis Department of Viticulture and Enology]] by a team led by [[Carole Meredith]]. The DNA evidence determined that Cabernet Sauvignon was the offspring of [[Cabernet franc]] and [[Sauvignon blanc]] and was most likely a chance crossing that occurred in the 17th century. Before this discovery, this origin had been suspected from the similarity of the grapes' names and the fact that Cabernet Sauvignon shares similar [[aromas (wine)|aromas]] with both grapes—such as the [[blackcurrant]] and [[pencil box]] aromas of Cabernet franc and the [[Grassy (wine)|grassiness]] of Sauvignon blanc.<ref name="Clarke pg 47-56"/> In 2016, scientists at the UC Davis announced they had sequenced a draft of the whole [[genome]] of the Cabernet Sauvignon grape, the first genome of a commercial wine-producing grape to be sequenced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.winespectator.com/webfeature/show/id/Scientists-Unravel-Cabernet-Sauvignon-Genome|title=Scientists Unravel Cabernet Sauvignon's Genome|last=Carpenter|first=Kasey|date=2016-11-18|newspaper=Wine Spectator|access-date=2016-11-30}}</ref>
[[File:Sauvignon blanc vlasotince vineyards.jpg|thumb|Sauvignon blanc]]

===Offspring and White Cabernet===
While not as prolific in [[mutation|mutating]] as [[Pinot noir]], nor as widely used in the production of offspring, Cabernet Sauvignon has been linked to other grape varieties. In 1961, a cross of Cabernet Sauvignon and [[Grenache]] produced the French wine grape [[Marselan]].<ref>{{cite news |first=L. |last=Alley |title=New French Wine Grape Arrives in US Market |work=The Wine Spectator |date=September 30, 2007 |page=17 }}</ref> [[Cygne blanc]] is a white-berried [[seedling]] of Cabernet Sauvignon that was discovered in 1989 growing in a garden in [[Swan Valley, Western Australia]]. [[Cabernet blanc]] is a crossing of Cabernet Sauvignon and an unknown hybrid grape variety that was discovered in [[Switzerland (wine)|Switzerland]] in the late 20th century.<ref>J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes&nbsp;– A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'' pgs 148-149, 285-286 Allen Lane 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-846-14446-2}}</ref>

In 1977 a vine producing 'bronze' grapes was found in the vineyards of Cleggett Wines in Australia. They propagated this mutant, registered it under the name of Malian, and sold pale red wines under that name. In 1991 one of the Bronze Cabernet vines started producing white grapes. Cleggett registered this "White Cabernet" under the name of Shalistin.<ref>[http://www.cleggettwines.com.au/aboutus.php Cleggett wines:] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829091440/http://cleggettwines.com.au/aboutus.php |date=2007-08-29 }} history and pictures of the gris and white mutants; [http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/content/2006/s1933677.htm Transcript of ABC show about bronze and white mutants]</ref> Compared to its Cabernet parent, Malian appears to lack [[anthocyanin]]s in the subepidermal cells but retains them in the [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]], whereas Shalistin has no anthocyanins in either layer. The team that went on to discover the VvMYBA1 and VvMYBA2 genes that control grape colour have suggested that a gene involved in anthocyanin production has been deleted in the subepidermis of Malian, and then subepidermal cells invaded the epidermis to produce Shalistin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=A. R. |last2=Lee |first2=E. |last3=Robinson |first3=S. P. |year=2006 |title=Two new grape cultivars, bud sports of Cabernet Sauvignon bearing pale-coloured berries, are the result of the deletion of two regulatory genes of the berry colour locus |journal=[[Plant Molecular Biology|Plant Mol Biol]] |volume=62 |issue=4–5 |pages=623–635 |doi=10.1007/s11103-006-9043-9 |pmid=16932847 |bibcode=2006PMolB..62..623W |s2cid=38970718 }}</ref>

During a series of trials between 1924 and 1930, the pollen of Cabernet Sauvignon was used to fertilize [[Glera (grape)|Glera]] vines (the white wine grape used to make the [[sparkling wine]] [[Prosecco]]) to create the red Italian wine grape [[Incrocio Manzoni 2.15]].<ref>J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz ''Wine Grapes&nbsp;— A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours'' pgs 469-471, 594-595 Allen Lane 2012 {{ISBN|978-1-846-14446-2}}</ref>

In 1972, the Australian agency [[CSIRO]] crossed Cabernet Sauvignon grapes with the Spanish [[Sumoll]] variety to create three new varieties: [[Cienna]], [[Tyrian (grape variety)|Tyrian]] and [[Rubienne]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p7ri.pdf|title=Cienna Factsheet|website=CSIRO|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201352/http://www.csiro.au/files/files/p7ri.pdf|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

In 1983,  Cabernet Sauvignon was crossed with the white [[German wine]] grape [[Bronner (grape)|Bronner]] to create the white wine grape [[Souvignier gris]].<ref>[[Vitis International Variety Catalogue]] (VIVC) ''[http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=22629 Souvignier gris] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203014622/http://www.vivc.de/datasheet/dataResult.php?data=22629 |date=2014-02-03 }}'' Accessed: January 20th, 2014</ref>