Editing César Vallejo (section)

==Biography==
[[File:UNMSM Monumento Cesar Vallejo.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Monument to César Vallejo at [[National University of San Marcos]], where he studied.]]
César Vallejo was born to Francisco de Paula Vallejo Benítez and María de los Santos Mendoza Gurrionero in [[Santiago de Chuco]], a remote village in the Peruvian [[Andes]]. He was the youngest of eleven children. His grandfathers were both Spanish priests, and his grandmothers were both [[indigenous Peruvians]].<ref>González Echevarría, Roberto, [https://www.thenation.com/article/revolutionary-devotion "Revolutionary Devotion"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170906033309/https://www.thenation.com/article/revolutionary-devotion/ |date=September 6, 2017 }}, ''[[The Nation]]''. 3 May 2007. Retrieved on 17 August 2017.</ref>

Lack of funds forced him to withdraw from his studies for a time and work at a sugar plantation, the Roma [[wikt:hacienda|Hacienda]], where he witnessed the exploitation of agrarian workers firsthand, an experience which would have an important impact on his politics and aesthetics. Vallejo received a BA in Spanish literature in 1915, the same year that he became acquainted with the [[Bohemianism|bohemia]] of Trujillo, in particular with [[American Popular Revolutionary Alliance|APRA]] co-founders [[Antenor Orrego]] and [[Victor Raul Haya de la Torre]].

In 1911 Vallejo moved to [[Lima]], where he studied at [[National University of San Marcos]]; read, worked as a schoolteacher, and came into contact with the artistic and political [[avant-garde]]. While in Lima, he also produced his first poetry collection, ''[[Los heraldos negros]].'' Despite its stated publication year of 1918, the book was actually published a year later. It is also heavily influenced by the poetry and other writings of fellow Peruvian [[Manuel González Prada]], who had only recently died. Vallejo then suffered a number of calamities over the next few years: he refused to marry a woman with whom he had an affair; and he had lost his teaching post.

His mother died in 1918. In May 1920, homesickness drove him to return to [[Santiago de Chuco]]. On the first of August, the house belonging to the Santa María Calderón family, who transported merchandise and alcohol by pack animals from the coast, was looted and set on fire. Vallejo was unjustly accused as both a participant and instigator of the act. He hid but was discovered, arrested, and thrown in a Trujillo jail where he would remain for 112 days (From November 6, 1920 until February 26, 1921). On December 24, 1920 he won second place (first place was declared void) from the city hall of Trujillo for the poem, "Fabla de gesta (Tribute to Marqués de Torre Tagle)". Vallejo competed by hiding his identity with a pseudonym in an attempt to give impartiality to the competition.

In the work, "Vallejo en los infiernos",<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vallejo en los infiernos|last=González Viaña|first=Eduardo|publisher=Alfaqueque|year=2008|isbn=9788493627423|location=Barcelona}}</ref> the author, a practicing lawyer, Eduardo González Viaña revealed key pieces of judicial documentation against the poet and showed deliberate fabrications by the judge and his enemies to imprison him. It indicted the victims but excluded prosecution to those criminally involved. They invented testimonies and attributed them to people who subsequently declared that they had never been to Santiago de Chuco, the place of the crime. Finally, the material author was escorted to Trujillo to testify before the Supreme Court. However, on the long journey, the gendarmes, French police officers, that guarded him, shot and killed him under the pretext that he had attempted to escape. Moreover, the author has investigated the other actions of the judge ad hoc. In truth, he was a lawyer for the large reed business "Casagrande" and of the "Quiruvilca" mine where the employees operated without a schedule and were victims of horrific working conditions. All of this highlights the political character of the criminal proceedings. With Vallejo it had tried to mock his generation, university students that attempted to rise up against the injustice and embraced anarchism and socialism, utopias of the century.

The judicial process was never closed. The poet left jail on behalf of a temporary release. Years later in Europe, he knew that he could never return to his home country. Jail and the "hells" revealed in this novel awaited him with an open door.

In 2007 the [[Judiciary of Peru]] vindicated Vallejo's memory in a ceremony calling to the poet ''unfairly accused''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://historico.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/documentos/BOLETIN_REFORMA_JUDICIAL_060508_9.pdf|title=(spanish) Reivindicación de Vallejo|editor=Judiciary of Peru|access-date=November 17, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615104706/http://historico.pj.gob.pe/CorteSuprema/documentos/BOLETIN_REFORMA_JUDICIAL_060508_9.pdf|archive-date=June 15, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nonetheless, 1922 he published his second volume of poetry, ''[[Trilce]],'' which is still considered one of the most radically avant-garde poetry collections in the Spanish language. After publishing the short story collections ''Escalas melografiadas'' and ''Fabla salvaje'' in 1923, Vallejo emigrated to Europe under the threat of further incarceration and remained there until his death in Paris in 1938.

[[File:Vallejo 2.JPG|thumb|Monument to César Vallejo in [[Lima]]. The engraving in Spanish quotes Vallejo "There is, brothers, very much to do."]]
His European years found him living in dire poverty in [[Paris]], with the exception of three trips to the [[USSR]] and a couple of years in the early 1930s spent in exile in Spain. In those years he shared the poverty with [[Pablo Picasso]]. In 1926 he met his first French lover, Henriette Maisse, with whom he lived until their breakup in October 1928. In 1927 he had formally met Georgette Marie Philippart Travers (see [[Georgette Vallejo]]), whom he had seen when she was 17 and lived in his neighborhood. This was also the year of his first trip to Russia. They eventually became lovers, much to the dismay of her mother. Georgette traveled with him to Spain at the end of December 1930 and returned in January 1932. In 1930 the Spanish government awarded him a modest author's grant. Vallejo became increasingly politically active in the early 1930s, joining the [[Peruvian Communist Party]] in 1931.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Britton |first=R. K. |date=1975 |title=The Political Dimension of César Vallejo's "Poemas Humanos" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3725521 |journal=The Modern Language Review |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=539–549 |doi=10.2307/3725521 |jstor=3725521 |issn=0026-7937}}</ref> When he returned to Paris, he also went on to Russia to participate in the International Congress of Writers' Solidarity towards the Soviet Regime (not to be confused with the [[First Congress of Soviet Writers]] of 1934, which solidified the parameters for [[Socialist Realism]]). Back in Paris, Vallejo married Georgette Philippart in 1934. His wife remained a controversial figure concerning the publication of Vallejo's works for many years after his death.

A regular cultural contributor to weeklies in Lima, Vallejo also sent sporadic articles to newspapers and magazines in other parts of Latin America, Spain, Italy, and France. His USSR trips also led to two books of reportage he was able to get published early in the 1930s. Vallejo also prepared several theatrical works never performed during his lifetime, among them his drama ''Colacho Hermanos o Los Presidentes de America'' which shares content with another work he completed during this period, the socialist-realist novel ''El Tungsteno.'' He even wrote a children's book, [[Paco Yunque]]. After becoming emotionally and intellectually involved in the [[Spanish Civil War]], Vallejo had a final burst of poetic activity in the late 1930s, producing two books of poetry (both published posthumously) whose titles and proper organization remain a matter of debate: they were published as ''Poemas humanos'' and ''España, aparta de mí este cáliz.''

===Death===
At the beginning of 1938, he worked as a language and literature professor in Paris,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture|last=Kinsbruner|first=Jay|publisher=Gale|year=2008|location=Detroit|pages=274–275}}</ref> but in March he suffered from physical exhaustion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/retrieve.do?tabID=T003&resultListType=RESULT_LIST&searchResultsType=SingleTab&searchType=BasicSearchForm&currentPosition=2&docId=GALE%7CCX2507200481&docType=Biography&sort=RELEVANCE&contentSegment=&prodId=GVRL&contentSet=GALE%7CCX2507200481&searchId=R1&userGroupName=byuprovo&inPS=true|title=Vallejo, Cesar}}</ref> On March 24 he was hospitalized for an unknown disease (it was later understood that it was the reactivation of a kind of [[malaria]], which he had suffered as a child), and on April 7 and 8 he became critically ill. He died a week later, on April 15,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://latinosinlondon.wordpress.com/2012/04/16/cesarvallejo74/|title= Cesar Vallejo Tribute 2012 |newspaper= WWW.LATINOSINLONDON.COM |date= April 16, 2012 |editor=LATIN POETS UK|access-date= November 6, 2012}}</ref> a holy<!-- Why not say what religious day it was? -->, rainy Friday in Paris. It was not a Thursday, as he seemed to have predicted in his poem «"Black Stone on a White Stone"». His death was fictionalized in [[Roberto Bolaño]]'s novel ''[[Monsieur Pain]].'' He was [[embalmed]]. His funeral eulogy was written by the French writer [[Louis Aragon]]. On April 19, his remains were transferred to the Mansion of Culture, and later to the Montrouge cemetery.

On April 3, 1970, his widow, [[Georgette Vallejo]], had his remains moved and reinterred in the [[Montparnasse cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cesar-Vallejo|title=Cesar Vallejo|website=britannica.com |access-date=2017-03-01}}</ref>