Editing Cádiz (section)

==Names and etymology<span class="anchor" id="Names of Cádiz"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology of Cádiz"></span>==
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[[File:Vista de Cádiz, España, 2015-12-08, DD 75-76 PAN.JPG|thumb|left|General view]]
[[File:Mujeresplaya.jpg|thumb|left|Cádiz is regarded by many people as the oldest continuously inhabited city in Western Europe]]
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[[File:(Bahía de Cádiz) Seville, Spain (49104522676) (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Satellite view of the Bay of Cádiz]]
{{see also|Names of Cádiz in different languages}}

[[Numismatic]] inscriptions in the [[Phoenician language]] record that the [[Phoenicia]]ns knew the site as {{lang|phn-Latn|a Gadir}} or {{lang|phn-Latn|Agadir}} ({{langx|phn|{{popdf}}𐤀𐤂𐤃𐤓|links=no}}, {{lang|phn-Latn|ʾgdr}}),{{sfnp|Head & al.|1911|p=3}} meaning 'wall', 'compound', or (by [[metonymy]]) 'stronghold'.<ref>"Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions", [https://books.google.com/books?id=kwABAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141 p. 141]. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland''. Accessed 24 July 2013.</ref> Borrowed by the [[Berber languages]], this became the ''[[agadir (granary)|agadir]]'' ([[Central Morocco Tamazight|Tamazight]] for 'wall' and [[Shilha language|Shilha]] for 'fortified granary') common in [[North Africa]]n place names,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lipiński |first=Edward |publication-date=2001 |date=2002 |title=Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar |volume=80 |series=Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta |publisher=Peeters Leeuven |page=575 |isbn=978-90-429-0815-4 |url=http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387 |access-date=28 June 2008 |archive-date=11 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031812/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387 }}</ref> such as that of the Moroccan city of [[Agadir]]. The [[Carthaginians]] continued to use this name and all subsequent names have derived from it.

[[Attic Greek]] sources [[hellenized]] ''Gadir'' as {{lang|grc-Latn|tà Gádeira}} ({{langx|grc|τὰ Γάδειρα}}), which is neuter plural. [[Herodotus]], using [[Ionic Greek]], transcribed it a little differently, as {{lang|grc-Latn|Gḗdeira}} ({{lang|grc|Γήδειρα}}). Rarely, as in [[Stephanus of Byzantium]]'s notes on the writings of [[Eratosthenes]], is the name given in the feminine singular form as {{lang|grc-Latn|hè Gadeíra}} ({{lang|grc|ἡ Γαδείρα}}).

In [[Latin]], the city was known as {{lang|la|Gādēs}} and its Roman colony as {{lang|la|Augusta Urbs Iulia Gaditana}} ('The August City of [[Julia (gens)|Julia]] of Cádiz'). In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], the Latin name became {{lang|ar-Latn|Qādis}} ({{langx|ar|قادس|links=no}}), from which the Spanish {{lang|es|Cádiz}} derives. The Spanish [[demonym]] for people and things from Cádiz is {{lang|es|gaditano}}.

The same root also gives the modern Italian ''Càdice'', Catalan ''Cadis'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Nomenclàtor mundial - Oficina d'Onomàstica - Secció Filològica - Institut d'Estudis Catalans|url=https://nomenclator-mundial.iec.cat/info.asp?id=1043|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> Portuguese ''Cádis'',<ref>''[http://portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/index.php?action=toponyms&action=toponyms&act=list&letter=c Dicionário de Gentílicos e Topónimos.]'' Portal da Língua Portuguesa. portaldalinguaportuguesa.org. 26 November 2022.</ref> and French ''Cadix'', the last also appearing in many English sources before the 20th century.<ref name="Osbeck">{{cite book |first=Peter |last=Osbeck |author-link=Pehr Osbeck |title= A Voyage to China and the East Indies |translator-first=Johann Reinhold |translator-last=Forster |volume=1 |page=13 |location=London |publisher=Benjamin White |date=1771 |quote=Cadiz, or ''Cadix'', or, as the Engliſh ſometimes call it, ''Cales'' is the principal ſea-port in Spain}}</ref>

The name ''Cales'', which usually refers to [[Calais]] in France, is also used for Cádiz,<ref name="Osbeck"/> especially in the context of the 1596 [[Capture of Cádiz]] by the British and Dutch, as [[Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)|Thomas Percy]] notes in his introduction of the ballad "The Winning of Cales"<ref>[https://www.exclassics.com/percy/perc93.htm "The Winning of Cales."] at the Ex-Classics project website. "The subject of this ballad is the taking of the city of Cadiz (called by our sailors corruptly Cales)..."</ref> (and it is also found in the sarcastic rhyme beginning "A gentleman of Wales, a knight of Cales").

In English, the name ''Cádiz'', traditionally spelt without the [[acute accent]] mark on the ''a'', is pronounced variously. When the accent is on the second syllable, it is usually pronounced {{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|d|ɪ|z}} but, when the accent is on the first syllable, it may be pronounced as {{IPAc-en|audio=Cadiz pronunciation.ogg|ˈ|k|eɪ|d|ɪ|z}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑ:|d|ɪ|z}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|æ|d|ɪ|z}}, and similar, typically in American English.<ref name="Collins3"/><ref name="MerWeb"/><ref name="AHD"/> In Spanish, the accent is always, as according to the spelling, on the first syllable but, while the usual pronunciation in Spain is {{IPA|es|ˈkaðiθ|}}, the [[Andalusian Spanish|local dialect]] says {{IPA|es|ˈkaðis|}}, {{IPA|es|ˈkaði|}} or even {{IPA|es|ˈka.i|}} instead.