Editing Buryats (section)

==History==
[[File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png|thumb|[[Mongol Empire]] circa 1207]]

It is most likely that the ancestors of modern Buryats are [[Bayyrku]] and [[Kurykans]] who were part of the tribal union of the [[Tiele people|Tiele]]. The Tiele, in turn, came from the [[Dingling]]. The first information about Dingling appeared in sources from the 2nd century BC.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Древняя и средневековая история Южной Сибири (в кратком изложении). Пособие для учителей истории|last=Kyzlasov|first=Leonid|publisher=Abakan|year=1989|pages=58}}</ref> The name "Buriyad" is mentioned as one of the forest people for the first time in ''[[The Secret History of the Mongols]]'' (possibly 1240).<ref>Erich Haenisch, ''Die Geheime Geschichte der Mongolen'', Leipzig 1948, p. 112</ref> It says [[Jochi]], the eldest son of [[Genghis Khan]], marched north to subjugate the Buryats in 1207.<ref>Owen Lattimore-The Mongols of Manchuria, p. 165</ref> the Buryats lived along the [[Angara River]] and its tributaries at this time. Meanwhile, their component, [[Barga Mongol|Barga]], appeared both west of Baikal and in northern Buryatia's [[Barguzin Valley|Barguzin valley]]. Linked also to the Bargas were the {{ill|Khori-Tumed|ru|Хори-туматы}} along the [[Arig River]] in eastern [[Khövsgöl Province]] and the [[Angara River|Angara]].<ref>C.P.Atwood, ''Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire'', p. 61</ref> A [[Tumed|Tumad]] rebellion broke out in 1217, when Genghis Khan allowed his viceroy to seize 30 Tumad maidens. Genghis Khan's commander [[Dorbei the Fierce]] of the [[Dörbeds]] smashed them in response. The Buryats joined the [[Oirats]] challenging the imperial rule of the [[Khalkhas|Eastern Mongols]] during the [[Northern Yuan Dynasty|Northern Yuan]] period in the late 14th century.<ref>D. T︠S︡ėvėėndorzh, Tu̇u̇khiĭn Khu̇rėėlėn (Mongolyn Shinzhlėkh Ukhaany Akademi) – Mongol Ulsyn tu̇u̇kh: XIV zuuny dund u̇eės XVII zuuny ėkhėn u̇e, p. 43</ref>

Historically, the territories around Lake Baikal belonged to [[Mongolia]], Buryats were subject to [[Tüsheet Khan]] and [[Setsen Khan]] of [[Khalkha Mongols|Khalkha Mongolia]]. When the Russians expanded into [[Transbaikalia]] (eastern Siberia) in 1609, the [[Cossacks]] found only a small core of tribal groups speaking a Mongol dialect called Buryat and paying tribute to the [[Khalkha]].<ref>University of Pittsburgh. University Center for International Studies, Temple University. ''Russian History: Histoire Russe'', p. 464</ref> However, they were powerful enough to compel the [[Ket people|Ket]] and [[Samoyedic peoples|Samoyed peoples]] on the [[Kan (river)|Kan]] and the [[Evenks]] on the lower [[Angara]] to pay tribute. According to Bowles, the ancestors of most modern Buryats were speaking a variety of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]-[[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] dialects at that time.<ref>Bowles, Gordon T. (1977). ''The People of Asia'', pp. 278–279. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. {{ISBN|0-297-77360-7}}.</ref> However, according to the Russian researcher Nanzatov, the Tungusic and Turkic groups then lived on the outskirts of the Buryat area. They were small fragments assimilated by the Buryat population.<ref name="Nanzatov">Нанзатов Б. Р. (2005). "Этногенез западных бурят (VI - XIX вв.)". Иркутск. Pages 116-117.</ref> In addition to genuine Buryat-Mongol tribes ([[Bulagad]], [[Khori tribe|Khori]], [[Ekhired]], [[Khongoodor]]) that merged with the Buryats, the Buryats also assimilated other groups, including some [[Oirats]], the [[Khalkha]], Tungus ([[Evenks]]) and others. The [[Khori-Barga]] had migrated out of the [[Barguzin Range|Barguzin]] eastward to the lands between the [[Greater Khingan]] and the [[Argun (Amur)|Argun]]. Around 1594, most of them fled back to the [[Aga (river)|Aga]] and [[Nerchinsk]] in order to escape subjection by the [[Daurs]].

The Russians reached Lake Baikal in 1643 but the Buryats resisted them and their forces. The Buryats were defeated, though they attempted to revolt a few times. These revolts were suppressed.<ref name=":2" /> The territory and people were formally annexed to the Russian state by treaties in 1689 and 1727, when the territories on both the sides of [[Lake Baikal]] were separated from [[Mongolia]].

Consolidation of modern Buryat tribes and groups took place under the conditions of the [[Russia]]n state. From the middle of the 17th century to the beginning of the 20th century, the Buryat population increased from 77,000<ref>[http://www.bur-culture.ru/index.php?id=news-detail&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=42&cHash=effe903f9ae6737362277ed761d6c2ca] {{Dead link|date=July 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} Традиционная материальная культура бурятского этноса Предбайкалья. Этногенез и расселение. Средовая культура бурят (Russian)</ref> (27,700<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Buryatian|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110184854/http://www.nupi.no/cgi-win/Russland/etnisk_b.exe?Buryatian|url-status=dead|title=Buryats|archivedate=Nov 10, 2006|accessdate=Jul 17, 2022}}</ref>–60,000<ref>[http://www.ugaizam.narod.ru/num_012/n_0012_001.html П.Б. Абзаев. Буряты на рубеже XX-XXI вв. Численность, состав, занятия] (Russian)</ref>) to 300,000. Another estimate of the rapid growth in people referring to themselves as Buryat is based on the clan list names paying tribute in the form of a [[sable]]-skin tax. This indicates a population of about 77,000 in 1640 rising to 157,000 in 1823 and more than a million by 1950.<ref>Bowles, Gordon T. (1977). ''The People of Asia'', p. 279. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. {{ISBN|0-297-77360-7}}.</ref>

The historical roots of the Buryat culture are related to the Mongolic peoples. After Buryatia was incorporated into Russia, it was exposed to two traditions&nbsp;– [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhism]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. Buryats west of [[Lake Baikal]] and [[Olkhon]] ([[Irkut Buryats]]), are more "[[Russification|Russified]]", and they soon abandoned [[nomad]]ism for agriculture, whereas the eastern (Transbaikal) Buryats are closer to the Khalkha, may live in [[yurt]]s and are mostly Buddhists. In 1741, the [[Tibet]]an branch of Buddhism was recognized as one of the official religions in Russia, and the first Buryat [[datsan]] (Buddhist monastery) was built.

The second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century was a time of growth for the Buryat Buddhist religion (48 datsans in Buryatia in 1914). Buddhism became an important factor in the cultural development of Buryatia. Because of their skills in horsemanship and mounted combat, many were enlisted into the [[Amur Cossacks]] host. During the [[Russian Civil War]] most of the Buryats sided with the [[White movement|White]] forces of [[Roman von Ungern-Sternberg|Baron Ungern-Sternberg]] and [[Grigory Mikhaylovich Semyonov|Ataman Semenov]]. They formed a sizable portion of Ungern's forces and often received favorable treatment when compared with other ethnic groups in the Baron's army. After the Revolution, most of the [[lama]]s were loyal to Soviet power. In 1925, a battle against religion and clergy in Buryatia began. Datsans were gradually closed down and the activity of the clergy was curtailed. Consequently, in the late 1930s the Buddhist clergy ceased to exist and thousands of cultural treasures were destroyed. Attempts to revive Buddhism started during [[World War II]], and it was officially re-established in 1946. A revival of Buddhism has taken place since the late 1980s as an important factor in the national consolidation.

In the 1930s, Buryat-Mongolia was one of the sites of Soviet studies aimed to disprove [[Nazism and race|Nazi race theories]]. Among other things, Soviet physicians studied the "endurance and fatigue levels" of Russian, Buryat-Mongol, and Russian-Buryat-Mongol workers to prove that all three groups were equally able.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hirsch |first1=Francine |title=Race without the Practice of Racial Politics |journal=Slavic Review |date=2002 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=30–43 |doi=10.2307/2696979 |jstor=2696979 |s2cid=147121638}}</ref>

In 1923, the [[Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was formed and included Baikal province ([[Pribaykalskaya guberniya]]) with Russian population. The Buryats rebelled against the communist rule and [[collectivization]] of their herds in 1929. The rebellion was quickly crushed by the [[Red Army]] with loss of 35,000 Buryats.<ref>James Minahan. ''Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations'', Vol. 2: ''S–Z'', p. 345</ref> The Buryat refugees fled to [[Mongolia]] and resettled, however, only a few of them joined the [[Shambala rebellion]] there. In 1937, in an effort to disperse Buryats, Stalin's government separated a number of counties (''[[raion]]s'') from the [[Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and formed [[Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug]] and [[Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug]]; at the same time, some raions with Buryat populations were left out. Fearing Buryat nationalism, [[Joseph Stalin]] had more than 10,000 Buryats killed.<ref>James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. ''An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires'', p. 125</ref> Moreover, [[Stalinist repressions in Mongolia|Stalinist purge]] of Buryats spread into Mongolia, known as the [[incident of L'humbee]].

In 1958, the name "Mongol" was removed from the name of the republic ([[Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Buryat ASSR]]). Also around 1958, the [[Mongolian script]] was banned and replaced by [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]].<ref name=":2" /> BASSR declared its sovereignty in 1990 and adopted the name [[Republic of Buryatia]] in 1992. The constitution of the Republic was adopted by the [[People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia|People's Khural]] in 1994, and a bilateral treaty with the [[Russian Federation]] was signed in 1995.

In the context of the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] since 2022, the Buryats have been reported as one of Russia's ethnic minority groups suffering from a disproportionally large casualty rate among Russian forces, reinforcing the processes of assimilation and Russification.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bessonov |first=Ania |date=2022-10-05 |title=Russian ethnic minorities bearing brunt of Russia's war mobilization in Ukraine |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-mobilization-ethnic-minorities-buryat-1.6605501 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005081859/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russia-mobilization-ethnic-minorities-buryat-1.6605501 | archive-date=2022-10-05 |website=[[CBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=The 'Savage Warriors' of Siberia: How an Ethnic Minority in Russia Came to Be Unfairly Blamed for the Worst War Crimes in Ukraine |url=https://www.media-diversity.org/the-savage-warriors-of-siberia-how-an-ethnic-minority-in-russia-came-to-be-unfairly-blamed-for-the-worst-war-crimes-in-ukraine/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129024740/https://www.media-diversity.org/the-savage-warriors-of-siberia-how-an-ethnic-minority-in-russia-came-to-be-unfairly-blamed-for-the-worst-war-crimes-in-ukraine/ | archive-date=2022-11-29 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Media Diversity Institute |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="CEPA1">{{Cite web | title=Russia's Bonfire of the Nationalities Fuels Ukraine Conflagration - CEPA | author=Aliide Naylor | url=https://cepa.org/article/russias-bonfire-of-the-nationalities-fuels-ukraine-conflagration/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112181915/https://cepa.org/article/russias-bonfire-of-the-nationalities-fuels-ukraine-conflagration/ | date=2023-09-22 | access-date=2023-11-12 | archive-date=2023-11-12 | publisher=Center for European Policy Analysis | language=en | quote=...greatest burden of..imperial war of expansion has overwhelmingly fallen on the captive peoples...by far the highest proportion came from places like eastern Siberia’s Buryatia...Asian ethnicities as Buryats..the risk of dying in this war is several times greater than for ethnic Russians...Russian authorities..used intensive coercion..also using financial and other incentives...Systemic discrimination of the Indigenous people, such as Buryats..also affects their economic mobility...a lot in common between how Ukrainians..and how the identities..indigenous people were devalued..after they had been conquered}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Petkova |first=Mariya |title='Putin is using ethnic minorities to fight in Ukraine' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2022/10/25/russia-putin-is-using-ethnic-minorities-to-fight-in-ukraine |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> Ethnic Buryats often enlist in the army because of financial reasons.<ref name="CEPA1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=The Republic of Buryatia: invasion of Ukraine is an extension of Russia's domestic dominance over the country's ethnic minorities |url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/06/30/the-republic-of-buryatia-the-invasion-of-ukraine-is-an-extension-of-russias-domestic-dominance-over-its-ethnic-minorities/ |access-date=2023-06-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630112128/https://globalvoices.org/2022/06/30/the-republic-of-buryatia-the-invasion-of-ukraine-is-an-extension-of-russias-domestic-dominance-over-its-ethnic-minorities/| archive-date=2022-06-30 |website=[[Global Voices]] |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Расселение бурят в СФО по городским и сельским поселениям, в %.png|Settlement of Buryats in the Siberian Federal District (2010 census)
File:Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1925.jpg|[[Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1925
File:USSR map Asia.jpg|Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1929
File:The Soviet Union 1933 CPA 416 stamp (Peoples of the Soviet Union. Buryats) cancelled.jpg|Buryats depicted on a 1933 "Peoples of the Soviet Union" stamp
File:Soviet Union Administrative Divisions 1989.jpg|Buryat-Mongol ASSR in 1989
File:Buryatia01.png|Map of autonomous Buryat territories (until 2008): [[Republic of Buryatia]] and autonomous okrugs of [[Aga Buryatia]] and [[Ust-Orda Buryatia]]
</gallery>