Editing Bureau of Land Management (section)

==History==

=== Background ===
[[File:US federal land.agencies.svg|thumb|Map showing land owned by different federal government agencies. The yellow represents the Bureau of Land Management's holdings.]]
[[File:Simpson Park.jpg|thumb|Horses crossing a plain near the Simpson Park Wilderness Study Area in central [[Nevada]], managed by the Battle Mountain BLM Field Office]]
[[File:Snake River Canyon edited.jpg|thumb|Snow-covered cliffs of Snake River Canyon, [[Idaho]], managed by the Boise District of the BLM]]
The BLM's roots go back to the [[Land Ordinance of 1785]] and the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="gpo">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996/html/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996-2.htm |title=The BLM: The Agency and its History |publisher=GPO |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126080757/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996/html/GPO-DOI-BLM-PUBLAND-1996-2.htm |archive-date=November 26, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> These laws provided for the survey and settlement of the lands that the original [[Thirteen Colonies]] ceded to the federal government after the [[American War of Independence|American Revolution]].<ref name=gpo /> As additional lands were acquired by the United States from [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], [[Kingdom of France|France]] and other countries, the [[United States Congress]] directed that they be explored, surveyed, and made available for settlement.<ref name=gpo />

During the Revolutionary War, military bounty land was promised to soldiers who fought for the colonies.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf |title=Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 7) |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration (1974) |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213090214/http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the war, the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris of 1783]], signed by the United States, the [[UK]], [[France]], and [[Spain]], ceded territory to the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/parisno.asp |title=British-American Diplomacy Treaty of Paris – Hunter Miller's Notes |publisher=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School |access-date=October 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516033713/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/parisno.asp |archive-date=May 16, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Black, Jeremy. ''British foreign policy in an age of revolutions, 1783–1793'' (1994) pp 11–20</ref> In the 1780s, other states relinquished their own claims to land in modern-day [[Ohio]].<ref name="Ohio" /> By this time, the United States needed revenue to function<ref name="landord">Vernon Carstensen, "Patterns on the American Land." ''Journal of Federalism,'' Fall 1987, Vol. 18 Issue 4, pp 31–39</ref> and land was sold as a source of income for the government.<ref name="landord" />

In order to sell the land, surveys needed to be conducted. The [[Land Ordinance of 1785]] instructed a geographer to oversee this work as undertaken by a group of surveyors.<ref name="landord" /> The first years of surveying were completed by trial and error; once the territory of Ohio had been surveyed, a modern public land survey system had been developed.<ref name="White 1991">{{Cite book |last=White |first=C. Albert |title=A history of the rectangular survey system |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1991 |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> In 1812, Congress established the [[United States General Land Office]] as part of the [[United States Department of the Treasury|Department of the Treasury]] to oversee the disposition of these federal lands.<ref name="Ohio">A History of the Rectangular Survey System by C. Albert White, 1983, Pub: Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management: For sale by G.P.O.</ref> By the early 1800s, promised bounty land claims were finally fulfilled.<ref name="war2" />

In the 19th century, other bounty land and homestead laws were enacted to dispose of federal land.<ref name=gpo /><ref name="war2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf |title=Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land-Warrant Application Files (p. 3) |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration (1974) |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213090214/http://www.archives.gov/research/microfilm/m804.pdf |archive-date=February 13, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Several different types of patents existed.<ref name="NARA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/049.html |title=Records of the Bureau of Land Management [BLM] (Record Group 49) 1685–1993 (bulk 1770–1982) |publisher=National Archives and Records Administration |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129015947/http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/049.html |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> These include cash entry, credit, homestead, Indian, military warrants, mineral certificates, private land claims, railroads, state selections, swamps, town sites, and town lots.<ref name=NARA /> A system of local land offices spread throughout the territories, patenting land that was surveyed via the corresponding [[Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory|Office of the Surveyor General]] of a particular territory.<ref name=NARA /> This pattern gradually spread across the entire United States.<ref name="White 1991" /> The laws that spurred this system with the exception of the [[General Mining Law of 1872]] and the [[Desert Land Act]] of 1877 have since been repealed or superseded.<ref name=varied />

In the early 20th century, Congress took additional steps toward recognizing the value of the assets on public lands and directed the [[Executive Branch]] to manage activities on the remaining public lands.<ref name="varied">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/About_BLM/History.print.html |title=BLM and Its Predecessors: A Long and Varied History |publisher=BLM |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126221553/http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/info/About_BLM/History.print.html |archive-date=November 26, 2014 |access-date=November 14, 2014}}</ref> The [[Mineral Leasing Act of 1920]] allowed leasing, exploration, and production of selected commodities, such as [[coal]], [[Petroleum|oil]], [[Natural gas|gas]], and [[sodium]] to take place on public lands.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ut/vernal_fo/lands___minerals.Par.6287.File.dat/MineralLeasingAct1920.pdf |title=Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 As Amended |publisher=BLM |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232809/http://www.blm.gov/pgdata/etc/medialib/blm/ut/vernal_fo/lands___minerals.Par.6287.File.dat/MineralLeasingAct1920.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Taylor Grazing Act]] of 1934 established the [[United States Grazing Service]] to [[Rangeland management|manage the public rangelands]] by establishment of advisory boards that set grazing fees.<ref>{{Cite journal |editor1-last=Wishart |editor1-first=David J. |editor1-link=David J. Wishart|title=Taylor Grazing Act |url=http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.ag.071 |journal=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains |publisher=[[University of Nebraska-Lincoln]] |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021203/http://plainshumanities.unl.edu/encyclopedia/doc/egp.ag.071 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="montana">{{Cite thesis |last=Elliott |first=Clayton R. |title=Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis) |date=August 2010 |publisher=[[University of Montana]] |page=45 |hdl=2027.42/77588|type=Thesis }}</ref> The [[Oregon and California Railroad Revested Lands|Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act]] of 1937, commonly referred as the O&C Act, required sustained [[yield management]] of the timberlands in western Oregon.<ref name="ochistory">{{Cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/or/files/OC_History.pdf |title=O&C Sustained Yield Act: the Law, the Land, the Legacy |publisher=Bureau of Land Management |access-date=March 6, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024061002/http://www.blm.gov/or/files/OC_History.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Establishment and early history ===
In 1946, the [[Grazing Service]] was merged with the [[United States General Land Office]] to form the Bureau of Land Management within the [[Department of the Interior]].<ref name=varied /> It took several years for this new agency to integrate and reorganize.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Muhn |url=https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |title=Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM |date=September 1988 |publisher=BLM |location=Denver |page=52 |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731005148/https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the end, the Bureau of Land Management became less focused on land disposal and more focused on the long term management and preservation of the land.<ref name=varied /> The agency achieved its current form by combining offices in the western states and creating a corresponding office for lands both east of and alongside the [[Mississippi River]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Muhn |url=https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |title=Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM |date=September 1988 |publisher=BLM |location=Denver |pages=160–172 |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731005148/https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> As a matter of course, the BLM's emphasis fell on activities in the western states as most of the mining, land sales, and federally owned areas are located west of the Mississippi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Muhn |url=https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |title=Opportunity and Challenge: The Story of BLM |date=September 1988 |publisher=BLM |location=Denver |pages=104–106 |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731005148/https://archive.org/stream/opportunitychall00muhn/opportunitychall00muhn_djvu.txt |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

BLM personnel on the ground have typically been oriented toward local interests, while bureau management in Washington are led by presidential guidance.<ref name="montana2">{{Cite thesis |last=Elliott |first=Clayton R. |title=Innovation in the U.S. Bureau of Land Management: Insights from Integrating Mule Deer Management with Oil and Gas Leasing (Masters Thesis) |date=August 2010 |publisher=[[University of Montana]] |pages=5, 51–52 |hdl=2027.42/77588|type=Thesis }}</ref> By means of the [[Federal Land Policy and Management Act]] of 1976, Congress created a more unified bureau mission and recognized the value of the remaining public lands by declaring that these lands would remain in public ownership.<ref name=gpo /> The law directed that these lands be managed with a view toward "multiple use" defined as "management of the public lands and their various resource values so that they are utilized in the combination that will best meet the present and future needs of the American people."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/1702 |title=43 U.S. Code § 1702(c) |publisher=Legal Information Institute |access-date=November 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129012755/http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/43/1702 |archive-date=November 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration in the 1980s, Republicans have often given priority to local control and to grazing, mining and petroleum production, while Democrats have more often emphasized environmental concerns even when granting mining and drilling leases.<ref>James R. Skillen, ''The Nation's Largest Landlord'' (2009)</ref> In September 1996, then President [[Bill Clinton]] used his authority under the [[Antiquities Act]] to establish the [[Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument]] in southern Utah, the first of now 20 national monuments established on BLM lands and managed by the agency.<ref name=BLMconservation/> The establishment of Grand Staircase–Escalante foreshadowed later creation of the BLM's [[National Landscape Conservation System]] in 2000. Use of the Antiquities Act authority, to the extent it effectively scuttled a coal mine to have been operated by [[UtahAmerican Energy|Andalex Resources]], delighted recreation and conservation enthusiasts but set up larger confrontations with state and local authorities.<ref name="headwaters">{{Cite web |url=http://www.headwatersnews.org/p.021302.html |title=San Rafael Swell monument proposal could prove that Bush realizes the importance of a fair and public process |last=Mathew Barrett Gross |date=February 13, 2002 |publisher=Headwaters News, [[University of Montana]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126105007/http://www.headwatersnews.org/p.021302.html |archive-date=November 26, 2007 |access-date=January 16, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Davidson |first=Lee |url=http://archive.deseretnews.com/archive/902865/Ortons-bill-would-erase-power-to-declare-permanent-monument.html |title=Orton's bill would erase power to declare permanent monument |date=September 27, 1996 |work=[[Deseret News]] }}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>

=== First Trump administration ===
Under the Trump administration, the BLM offered millions of acres of available Federal lands for 10-year leases for commercial development, potentially in oil and gas and mining, with the stated goal of "promoting American energy security".<ref name="BLM_20190530" /> The BLM holds quarterly oil and gas lease sales.<ref name="BLM_20190530">{{Cite web |url=https://www.blm.gov/press-release/september-2019-oil-and-gas-lease-sale |title=BLM seeks comments on parcels offered in September 2019 oil and gas lease sale |date=May 30, 2019 |format=Text |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531184646/https://www.blm.gov/press-release/september-2019-oil-and-gas-lease-sale |archive-date=May 31, 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  According to a June 18, 2018 article in ''The Atlantic'', under the tenure of then-[[United States Secretary of the Interior]], [[Ryan Zinke]] "practically gave away hundreds of thousands of acres of open land across the West, leasing it to energy companies for pennies on the dollar."<ref name="theatlantic_Nazaryan_20190618">{{Cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/chaos-works/591688/ |title=Trump Uses Chaos to Get Stuff Done |last=Nazaryan |first=Alexander |date=June 18, 2019 |website=The Atlantic |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618121603/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/06/chaos-works/591688/ |archive-date=June 18, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'' reported that in March 2019, the price per acre for leases near the [[Golden Spike National Historical Park]], in Utah were "$1.50 an acre for the next two years".<ref name="sltrib_20190327">{{Cite web |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2019/03/27/blm-leases-acres-public/ |title=BLM leases 135,000 acres of public land to oil and gas companies in massive auction |date=March 27, 2019 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328210115/https://www.sltrib.com/news/politics/2019/03/27/blm-leases-acres-public/ |archive-date=March 28, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> By September 11, 2018, the Department of Interior was offering 2.9 million acres to be leased to commercial operations including drilling for oil and gas and mining in New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and other states where public land is not protected by a national park or monument designation.<ref name="yahoo_20180911">{{Cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-administration-rushes-lease-federal-lands-090041852.html |title=Trump administration rushes to lease federal lands |date=September 11, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731005149/https://www.yahoo.com/news/trump-administration-rushes-lease-federal-lands-090041852.html |archive-date=July 31, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The BLM's May 30, 2019 statement proposed an additional 183,668 acres on "lands managed by the Canyon Country, Color Country, Green River, and West Desert districts" that would be listed for the quarterly oil and gas lease sale on September 10, 2019.<ref name="BLM_20190530" /> In their May 2019, September lease offerings, the BLM said that they had "245 million acres of public land located primarily in 12 Western states, including Alaska" and across the United States another "700 million acres of sub-surface mineral estate" is under their management. The statement also said that these "diverse activities authorized on these lands generated $96 billion in sales of goods and services throughout the American economy in fiscal year 2017" while supporting over 468,000 jobs".<ref name="BLM_20190530" />

On August 4, 2020, President Trump signed the [[Great American Outdoors Act]] into law, committing up to $1.9 billion from energy development revenues to the National Parks and Public Land Legacy Restoration Fund each year for five years for needed maintenance for critical facilities and infrastructure in national parks, forests, wildlife refuges, recreation areas and American Indian schools. The Act also committed $900 million a year in royalties from offshore oil and natural gas to permanently fund the [[Land and Water Conservation Fund]] investments in conservation and recreation opportunities across the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=Share President Trump Signs Most Historic Conservation Funding Legislation in U.S. History |url=https://www.doi.gov/blog/president-trump-signs-most-historic-conservation-funding-legislation-us-history |website=U.S. Department of the Interior |access-date=15 October 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101044524/https://www.doi.gov/blog/president-trump-signs-most-historic-conservation-funding-legislation-us-history |url-status=dead }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trump signs $3-billion-a-year plan to boost conservation, parks |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-08-04/trump-signs-3b-a-year-plan-to-boost-conservation-parks |access-date=15 October 2020 |agency=The Associated Press |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 4, 2020}}</ref>

Also in August 2020, the BLM headquarters was relocated to [[Grand Junction, Colorado]], by an order signed by Interior Secretary [[David Bernhardt]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Staff|url=https://www.blm.gov/press-release/blm-secures-site-western-leadership-office|title=BLM secures site for Western leadership office|website=BLM.gov|date=September 20, 2019 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> The relocation was praised by Republican Western politicians but criticized by Democrats as a move to weaken the agency through the loss of experienced staffers, who opted to stay in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite news |last=O'Donoghue |first=Amy Joi |date=August 11, 2020 |title=Bureau of Land Management officially relocates to new home in Colorado |url=https://www.deseret.com/utah/2020/8/11/21363659/bureau-of-land-management-headquarters-relocated-colorado-blm-grand-junction |work=[[Deseret News]] |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=August 10, 2020 |title=Interior finalizes public lands agency HQ move out West over congressional objections |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/511371-interior-finalizes-public-lands-agency-hq-move-out-west-over |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=August 12, 2020}}</ref> Some ranchers were concerned about the isolation of Grand Junction compared to other Western cities, having limited flights and road access.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Junction is 'darn hard to get to': ranchers split on public lands agency's move west {{!}} Environment {{!}} The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/dec/11/bureau-land-management-public-lands-west-colorado|access-date=2020-12-23|website=amp.theguardian.com}}</ref> After the announcement, 87% of D.C.-based employees left, prompting former lead career BLM official Steve Ellis to state "the bureau lost a tremendous amount of expertise...[of] very seasoned people."<ref>{{cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=January 28, 2021 |title=Bureau of Land Management exodus: Agency lost 87 percent of staff in Trump HQ relocation |url=https://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/536384-blm-exodus-agency-lost-87-percent-of-staff-in-trump-relocation |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=July 19, 2021}}</ref>

=== Biden administration ===
On September 17, 2021, Secretary [[Deb Haaland]] announced that the headquarters would be moved back to Washington, D.C.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1438965957809016837|user=USInteriorPress |author=US Interior Press Team |title=Today, @SecDebHaaland announced next steps to rebuild and strengthen @BLMNational, including plans to restore the national headquarters to Washington, D.C. and expand the Western headquarters in Grand Junction, Colorado.|date=September 17, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405075858/https://twitter.com/USInteriorPress/status/1438965957809016837 |archive-date= Apr 5, 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |number=1438966794656567296 |user=SecDebHaaland |author=Secretary Deb Haaland |title=The Bureau of Land Management is critical to the nation's efforts to address the climate crisis and expanding access to public lands. The bureau must have access to the policy, budget, and decision-making levers to best carry out its mission. |date=September 17, 2021 |bot=TweetCiteBot}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/17/politics/bureau-of-land-management-headquarters-return-washington/index.html|title = Bureau of Land Management headquarters to return to Washington, DC|website = [[CNN]]| date=September 17, 2021 |first1=Liz |last1=Stark |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327002358/http://edition.cnn.com/2021/09/17/politics/bureau-of-land-management-headquarters-return-washington/index.html |archive-date= Mar 27, 2023 }}</ref>

Under the Biden administration, the BLM is working on a pilot project called "outcomes-based grazing", to see if cattle grazing can help achieve conservation, agency director [[Tracy Stone-Manning]] said in an interview published in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mohr  |first1=Kylie  |last2=Stone-Manning |first2=Tracy |date=2022-04-15 |title=Cows, coal and climate change: A Q&A with the new BLM director |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/54.5/north-bureau-of-land-management-cows-coal-and-climate-change-a-q-a-with-the-new-blm-director |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=High Country News |language=en-us}}</ref>

In June 2022, the BLM finalized two acquisitions in Colorado and Wyoming, acquiring over 40,000 acres of previously inaccessible land. The acquisition in Wyoming for 35,670 acres is the agency's largest ever purchase in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=BLM acquires 35,670 acres near Casper in agency's largest ever Wyoming land purchase |url=https://oilcity.news/community/2022/06/01/blm-acquires-35670-acres-near-casper-in-agencys-largest-ever-wyoming-land-purchase/ |first1=Brendan |last1=LaChance |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=Oil City News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New BLM land acquisitions open up nearly 40,000 acres of public land |url=https://www.gohunt.com/content/news/new-blm-land-acquisition-open-up-nearly-40k-acres-of-public-land |access-date=2022-06-08 |website=GOHUNT |first1=Kristen A. |last1=Schmitt |date=June 7, 2022 |language=en |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627052042/https://www.gohunt.com/content/news/new-blm-land-acquisition-open-up-nearly-40k-acres-of-public-land |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2024 the Department of the Interior has begun to advance a new rule according to which the Bureau of Land Management can distribute restoration leases and mitigation leases exactly in the same way as it distributes new leases for oil and gas drilling. The designed land will be used for nature conservation including use of indigenous knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joselow |first1=Maxine |title=The U.S. just changed how it manages a tenth of its land |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2024/04/18/biden-public-lands-conservation-rule/ |access-date=21 April 2024 |agency=Washington Post |date=18 April 2024}}</ref>