Editing Bumiputera (Malaysia) (section)

==Official definition==
[[File:Article 153 Special Position of Bumiputras.png|thumb|A diagram of the special position of bumiputera under the [[Malaysian Constitution]]]]

The concept of a bumiputera ethnic group in Malaysia was coined by [[Abdul Razak Hussein]]. It recognised the "special position" of the Malays provided in the [[Constitution of Malaysia]], in particular [[Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia|Article 153]]. However, the constitution does not use the term bumiputera; it defines only "Malay" and "[[Orang Asli|aboriginal peoples]]" (Article 160(2)),<ref>[http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12.php "Part XII: General and Miscellaneous, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 152–160)"], ''helplinelaw.com''. Accessed 30 May 2007</ref> "natives" of Sarawak (161A(6)(a)),<ref name=FC>[http://www.helplinelaw.com/law/constitution/malaysia/malaysia12a.php Part XIIA: Additional Protections for States of Sabah and Sarawak, Constitution of Malaysia (Articles 161 – 161h)], ''helplinelaw''. Accessed 30 May 2007</ref> and "natives" of Sabah (Article 161A(6) (b)).<ref name="FC" /> Definitions of bumiputera in public use vary among different institutions, organisations, and government departments and agencies.

In the parliamentary debate of 13 November 1965, the Prime Minister, [[Tunku Abdul Rahman]], was asked by Lim Chong Eu if there is a "legal and constitutional definition of the term "Bumiputera", and whether the children of Malaysian citizens who were born after 31 August 1963, will also be entitled to all the rights of "Bumiputera". To this, Tunku replied: "Mr Speaker, Sir, the term 'Bumiputera'...has no legal meaning except in so far as to denote the natives of the mainland of Malaya and the natives of the Borneo States". He later qualified that the benefits under Article 153 were for "the natives of Malaysia…who are less advanced and less able to compete with these other Malaysians".<ref>Parliamentary Debates, Dewan Ra'ayat (House of Representatives), Official Report, Second Session of the Second Parliament of Malaysia, vol. II, Session 1965–1966, 13 November 1965 (Kuala Lumpur: GPO), cols. 2467–2476.</ref>

In the book ''Buku Panduan Kemasukan ke Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Program Pengajian Lepasan SPM/Setaraf Sesi Akademik 2007/2008'' (Guidebook for entry into public higher learning institutions for SPM/equivalent graduates for academic year 2007/2008), the Malaysian Higher Education Ministry defined bumiputra as follows, depending on the region of origin of the individual applicant:<ref name="being_mixed">{{cite news| title=Being 'mixed' is no privilege| date=29 October 2009| url=http://www.theborneopost.com/?p=60757| work=Borneo Post| access-date=29 October 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101102147/http://www.theborneopost.com/?p=60757| archive-date=1 November 2009| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

# [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
#* "If one of the parents is [[Malays (ethnic group)|Muslim Malay]]/[[Orang Asli]]<ref name="Takrifan Bumiputera {ms}">{{cite web | url = http://online.uitm.edu.my/takrif_bumi.cfm | title = Takrifan Bumiputera (The definition of Bumiputera) | access-date = 27 February 2012 | publisher = [[Ministry of Higher Education (Malaysia)]] | language = ms | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120205100541/http://www.online.uitm.edu.my/takrif_bumi.cfm | archive-date = 5 February 2012 | df = dmy-all }}</ref> as stated in Article 160 (2) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
# [[Sabah]]
#* "If the child was born in Sabah or the father was domiciled in Sabah at the time of birth, and one of the parents is an indigenous native of Sabah as stated in Article 161A (6)(b) Federal Constitution of Malaysia, the child is considered as a Bumiputera"
# [[Sarawak]]
#* "If both of the parents are indigenous natives of Sarawak as stated in Article 161A (6)(a) Federal Constitution of Malaysia; thus their child is considered as a Bumiputera"

In addition to the interpretation given above, a broader definition of bumiputera include groups such as [[native Indonesians]], [[Malaysian Siamese]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |first=M. T. |date=2012-02-25 |title=Siamese community now regarded as Bumiputeras |url=https://www.malaysia-today.net/2012/02/25/siamese-community-now-regarded-as-bumiputeras/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Malaysia Today |language=en-US}}</ref> Muslim Indian Malaysians, [[Peranakan]] and the [[Kristang people]] of Portuguese-Eurasian descent.<ref>[http://www.tripadvisor.com/Travel-g293951-c4204/Malaysia:The.People.Of.Malaysia.html "Malaysia: The People of Malaysia"], TripAdvisor</ref> Most of these encompass communities that were established in southeast Asia prior to the period of British colonial rule which saw large-scale [[Chinese diaspora|immigration]] from [[Qing dynasty|China]]. Others{{who|date=July 2012}} favour a definition encompassing all children of bumiputera. 

In Sarawak, there were cases of people with one bumiputera parent and one non-bumiputera parent being dismissed as non-bumiputera.<ref name="being_mixed" /> However, this law was changed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandra |first=Sarah Hafizah |date=2022-02-20 |title=Of Mixed Marriages And Recognition Of Native Status |url=https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/of-mixed-marriages-and-recognition-of-native-status/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=New Sarawak Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref>