Editing Bridgwater and Taunton Canal (section)

==History==
Prior to the building of the canal, navigation between the towns of Bridgwater and Taunton was possible by using the River Parrett and the River Tone. The Tone had been improved by its conservators, who had obtained [[act of Parliament|acts of Parliament]]; the [[River Tone Navigation Act 1698]] ([[10 Will. 3]]. c. 8) in 1699<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tauntoncivic.org.uk/river_tone_history2.htm|title=River Tone History Continued|publisher=Taunton Civic Society|access-date=2008-10-20 |url-status=usurped|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041021201528/http://www.tauntoncivic.org.uk/river_tone_history2.htm |archive-date = 21 October 2004}}</ref> and the [[River Tone Improvement Act 1707]] ([[6 Ann.]] c. 70) in 1707; which had allowed them to straighten and [[Dredging|dredge]] the river and parts of the Parrett, and to build [[canal lock|locks]] and half-locks to manage the water levels. The initial work was completed by 1717, although further improvements including more locks continued to be made until the early 19th century.<ref name=haskell1>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=1–13}}</ref>

===Precursors===
From 1768 there were a number of grand schemes proposed, all with the aim of linking the [[Bristol Channel]] to the [[English Channel]] by a [[waterway]], thereby avoiding the need to navigate by sea around [[Cornwall]] and [[Devon]]. [[James Brindley]] was the first to survey a route, which would have run from the Bristol Channel to [[Exeter]], following the course of the River Tone for part of its route. In 1769, [[Robert Whitworth (canal engineer)|Robert Whitworth]] looked at a shorter route from Bridgwater Bay to [[Seaton, Devon|Seaton]], following the River Parrett and the [[River Axe (Lyme Bay)|River Axe]]. He was asked to reassess the route in the 1790s. [[William Jessop]] surveyed a route between Taunton and Exeter in 1794, while another group proposed a canal linking [[Bristol]], [[Nailsea]], Bridgwater and Taunton, which was surveyed by [[William White (canal engineer)|William White]]. Jessop's assistant, [[Josiah Easton]], suggested a route from [[Uphill]] (on the Bristol Channel) to Seaton, again in 1794, and the previous two schemes sought parliamentary approval as the [[Grand Western Canal]] and the Bristol and Western Canal, respectively. Only the first was authorised, as the [[Grand Western Canal Act 1796]] ([[36 Geo. 3]]. c. 46), but the economic downturn caused by the [[Napoleonic Wars]] meant that construction did not begin immediately.<ref name=haskell2>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=14–23}}</ref>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1811
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = 
| year                  = 1811
| citation              = [[51 Geo. 3]]. c. lx
| introduced_commons    = 
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| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 14 May 1811
| commencement          = 
| expiry_date           = 
| repeal_date           = 
| amends                = 
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| repealing_legislation = 
| related_legislation   = 
| status                = 
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| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Geo3/51/60/pdfs/ukla_18110060_en.pdf
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{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1824
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to abridge, vary, extend and improve the Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation; and to alter the Powers of an Act of the Fifty first Year of His late Majesty, for making the said Canal.
| year                  = 1824
| citation              = [[5 Geo. 4]]. c. cxx
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 17 June 1824
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[[John Rennie the Elder|John Rennie]] surveyed the line for a [[ship canal]] from the mouth of the River Parrett to Seaton in 1810, which was designed for ships of {{convert|120|LT|t}}, but it was felt that the economic situation would not support the projected expenditure of over £1&nbsp;million. He then considered a more modest proposal, based on the original Bristol and Western plans,<ref name=haskell2/> and the scheme, now renamed the Bristol and Taunton Canal, was authorised by an act of Parliament, the '''{{visible anchor|Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1811}}''' ([[51 Geo. 3]]. c. lx) dated 14 May 1811. The company had powers to raise £420,000 in shares and an additional £150,000 if required,<ref name=priestley>{{harvnb |Priestley |1831 |pp=93–97}}</ref> but economic concerns meant that the project did not start immediately. Powers for the Bristol to Bridgwater section lapsed in 1815, but work finally commenced in 1822, to be halted by an [[injunction]] because the authorised route was not being followed.<ref name=haskell2/> A further act, the '''{{visible anchor|Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1824}}''' ([[5 Geo. 4]]. c. cxx) of 17 June 1824, authorised the revised route, and changed the name of the project to the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Company. The predicted costs for the construction of the shorter canal were £34,145, as opposed to £429,990 for the longer scheme.<ref name=priestley/>

Three further schemes were proposed before the idea of a Channel-to-Channel link was abandoned. [[James Green (engineer)|James Green]] proposed a [[tub-boat]] canal in 1822, capable of handling {{convert|5|LT|t|adj=on}} boats, which would have used [[canal inclined plane|inclines]] instead of locks, and would have cost £120,000. [[Thomas Telford]] revived the idea of a ship canal in 1824, which would have taken over the line of the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal – enabling {{convert|200|LT|t|adj=on}} boats to reach the south coast – at a cost of £1.75 million. This was authorised in 1825, but no further action occurred. Finally, a [[barge]] canal between Bridgwater and [[Beer, Devon|Beer]], costing £600,000, was proposed in 1828, but enthusiasm for large canal schemes was waning, and the advent of iron-hulled [[steamship]]s meant that the risks of navigation around the south-west peninsula were reduced.<ref name=haskell2/>

===Construction===
Construction of the canal began in 1822, with [[James Hollinsworth]] as the engineer and John Easton<!--no link yet--> as the senior surveyor. The Bristol and Taunton scheme had incorporated a high-level crossing of the River Parrett, but the shortened canal would now join the Parrett at [[Huntworth]], where a [[canal basin|basin]] was to be constructed. This change of route resulted in the Reverend Robert Gray<!--see talk page--> obtaining an [[injunction]], and work on the lower half of the canal stopped until the new route could be properly authorised by the 1824 act of Parliament. By this time, the estimated cost had risen to £60,000. Below [[Durston]], the canal was cut into the [[clay]] subsoil, the clay forming a naturally waterproof channel; but from Durston to Taunton the canal bed had to be [[Puddling (engineering)|puddled]] with clay to make it watertight, as the underlying ground was [[shale]].<ref name=haskell3>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=24–33}}</ref>
[[Image:Fordgate swing bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Fordgate swing bridge, rebuilt in December 1987, and the third fixed bridge to be reinstated]]

The canal was to be about {{convert|12|mi|km}} long. It included a {{convert|700|yd|m|adj=on}} [[Embankment (transportation)|embankment]] at [[Lyng, Somerset|Lyng]], which was {{convert|40|ft|m}} high, two short [[Cutting (transportation)|cuttings]], eleven brick-built bridges to carry roads over the canal, and more than twelve timber [[swing bridge]]s, built to provide [[accommodation bridge|accommodation crossing]]s for farms which had been divided by the line of the canal. The [[canal lock|lock]] at Firepool (Taunton) had a set of reverse-facing gates, to prevent the canal draining if the level of the River Tone dropped. There were four more locks on the main line, and a lock at the entrance to Huntworth Basin. One final lock connected the basin to the river, and again it had a set of reverse-facing gates, so that the basin could be drained at low tide, and the low level retained for maintenance if required.<ref name=haskell3/> A system of paddle gearing – using metal ball weights at the top and metal cylinder weights at the bottom – is unique to the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/15949|title=Higher Maunsel Lock No 4 and Higher Maunsel Bridge|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003103546/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/15949|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> Over fifty [[culvert]]s were built to carry streams and [[ditch|drainage ditches]] under the canal. The work was completed with no recorded incidents of serious injury or death among the workforce.<ref name=haskell3/>

By mid-1826, the canal company had insufficient funds to complete the work, and a special meeting authorised the taking out of a mortgage to cover the £15,000 deficit.<ref name=haskell3/> The canal was an obvious competitor to the River Tone Navigation, which was managed by the [[Conservators]] of the River Tone, a legal body created for that purpose by in 1699 by the [[River Tone Navigation Act 1698]] ([[10 Will. 3]]. c. 8).<ref name=haskell1/> There was animosity between the company and the conservators, with the company maintaining that they had a right to use the Tone to reach the centre of Taunton, and the conservators maintaining that they did not. The canal was scheduled to be opened on 1 January 1827, but the opening was delayed until 3 January, as the connection to the River Tone was not made until 2 January. The opening celebrations were hampered by snow and bitter cold weather.<ref name=haskell3/>

===Operation===
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1832
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to explain and amend Two Acts, of the Fifty-first Year of His late Majesty King George the Third and the Fifth Year of His late Majesty King George the Fourth, relative to the Bridgewater and Taunton Canal Navigation.
| year                  = 1832
| citation              = [[2 & 3 Will. 4]]. c. xliii
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| royal_assent          = 23 May 1832
| commencement          = 
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| related_legislation   = {{ubli|Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1811|Bristol and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1824}}
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| theyworkforyou        = 
| millbankhansard       = 
| original_text         = https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/Will4/2-3/43/pdfs/ukla_18320043_en.pdf
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[[File:Standards lock, Taunton and Bridgwater canal - geograph.org.uk - 313647.jpg|thumb|Standard's Lock]]

The early years of the new canal were marred by legal disputes with the Conservators of the River Tone.{{sfn |Harrison |Henry |1835 |p=1516}} The connection to the Tone at Taunton had been made forcibly, by the canal company breaching the bank of the river. In August 1827 they announced that they were taking over the Tone, and evicted William Goodland, the river superintendent, from his cottage. Despite a ruling by the [[Court of King's Bench (England)|Court of King's Bench]] that their action was illegal, the canal company held on to the river until a [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] judgment in February 1830.<ref name=haskell4>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=34–38}}</ref> The conservators promptly built a [[dam]], to prevent boats reaching the river and water entering the canal, which they removed after further legal action and an order of the [[Court of Chancery|Chancery Court]].<ref name=hadfield>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |p=50}}</ref> Reconciliation finally came in late 1831, when the two parties proposed a new act of Parliament to authorise the sale of the Tone Navigation to the canal company. The '''{{visible anchor|Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1832}}''' ([[2 & 3 Will. 4]]. c. xliii) was obtained in July 1832, and required the canal company to erect a new iron bridge to replace the existing North Town Bridge, which hampered access to the [[wharf]]s in Taunton. They also had powers to construct a lock and a short length of canal at French Weir, to connect with the [[Grand Western Canal]], while the conservators were allowed to conduct an annual inspection of the canal, and to resume their ownership of the river if the canal was not maintained in good order.<ref name=haskell4/>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1837
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to enable the Company of Proprietors of the Bridgewater and Taunton Canal Navigation to continue the Line of the Canal below the Town of Bridgewater, and for varying the Powers of the several Acts relative to the said Canal.
| year                  = 1837
| citation              = [[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. xi
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| royal_assent          = 21 April 1837
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At the Bridgwater end, navigation onto the River Parrett was not easy, and the Corporation of Bridgwater had commissioned a number of surveys to construct a floating harbour. All came to nothing, but in 1836 the Bristol and Exeter Railway Company obtained an act of Parliament, the [[Bristol and Exeter Railway Act 1836]] ([[6 & 7 Will. 4]]. c. xxxvi), to construct a railway which would pass through Bridgwater. Subsequently, the canal company, in order to protect their trade, sought their own act of Parliament to construct a floating harbour to the west of Bridgwater, and to extend the canal to join it. The '''{{visible anchor|Bridgwater and Taunton Canal Navigation Act 1837}}''' ([[7 Will. 4 & 1 Vict.]] c. xi) was obtained on 21 April 1837, and the works were started. The construction work involved a deep [[Cutting (transportation)|cutting]] from Albert Street to West Street, a short [[tunnel]] at West Street. There it entered [[Bridgwater Docks]], which consisted of:
*Inner [[canal basin|basin]] that covered {{convert|4|acre}}<ref name=haskell5>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=39–52}}</ref>
*Outer basin covering {{convert|0.5|acre|ha}}

The two basins were connected by a lock, whilst towards the river a ship [[canal lock|lock]] consisting of a single {{convert|40|ft|m|adj=on}} gate, and a barge lock, consisting of a pair of {{convert|14|ft|m|adj=on}} gates. The whole outer basin could be used as a lock by larger ships up to 600 tons.<ref>{{harvnb |Otter |1994}}</ref> The estimated cost of £25,000 for the scheme escalated to nearly £100,000, most of which was raised by mortgage.<ref name=haskell5/>

{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title           = Bridgwater and Taunton Canal and Stolford Railway and Harbour Act 1846
| type                  = Act
| parliament            = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title            = An Act to enable the Bridgewater and Taunton Canal Company to make a Railway from Bridgewater to the Bristol Channel at or near Stolford in the County of Somerset, with Branches therefrom, and to make a Harbour at or near Stolford.
| year                  = 1846
| citation              = [[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. cxlv
| introduced_commons    = 
| introduced_lords      = 
| territorial_extent    = 
| royal_assent          = 3 July 1846
| commencement          = 
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The new facilities were opened on 25 March 1841, after which the basin and locks at Huntworth were filled in.<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |pp=55–56}}</ref> Trade increased from {{convert|90000|LT|t}}  in 1840, before the harbour opened, to {{convert|120000|LT|t}} shortly afterwards. Around 2,400 vessels per year were using the port by 1853. The canal company had hoped that the opening of the [[Grand Western Canal]] in 1838 and the [[Chard Canal]] in 1842 would increase traffic significantly, but their impact was marginal. Despite commercial success, the interest payments on the mortgage were crippling, and in 1846 the company obtained an act of Parliament, the '''{{visible anchor|Bridgwater and Taunton Canal and Stolford Railway and Harbour Act 1846}}''' ([[9 & 10 Vict.]] c. cxlv), to convert the canal into a railway, although its powers were never used. Trade halved as railway competition increased, and the company was in the hands of [[Receivership|receivers]] by the early 1850s.<ref name=haskell5/>

In 1866 the Bristol and Exeter Railway stepped in and bought the canal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43826|title=Bridgwater and Taunton Canal|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003100303/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43826|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> The main attraction was the dock, with its large volume of coal traffic, but they purchased both the canal and the dock for £64,000, under the terms of an act of Parliament{{which|date=July 2024}} obtained that year,<ref>{{harvnb |Hadfield |1985 |p=63}}</ref> which included a requirement that there should always be "a good and sufficient water communication between the towns of Taunton and Bridgwater".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Canals.htm|title=Canals and canal projects|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502032008/http://www.somerset.gov.uk/archives/ASH/Canals.htm|archive-date=2 May 2006}}</ref> Unlike many such acquisitions, the canal was seen as a useful adjunct to the railway network, and was maintained in good order for several years, with the Conservators of the River Tone continuing their annual inspections, and reporting any defects to the railway company.<ref name=haskell5/>

===Decline===
[[Image:Demolition chambers, Mausel Lock.JPG|thumb|left|Demolition chambers under a bridge over the Bridgwater and Taunton Canal – they were later filled with concrete and now appear larger than they originally were.]]
The canal was increasingly affected by water supply problems. The main source of water was the River Tone, although this was not fed into the canal at Firepool, in order to ensure that the mills on the upper section could function. Instead water was pumped out of the river at [[Creech St Michael|Creech]],<ref name=haskell8>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=78–84}}</ref> by the Charlton Pumping Station,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43831|title=Canal pumping house, SW of Charlton, Durston|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003100802/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/43831|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> where the river and canal were only {{convert|300|yd|m}} apart. Large volumes of water were discharged from the canal every fortnight, when the Bridgwater Dock was scoured, in order to free it from silt, while the Railway Company was extracting water to supply the station and [[steam locomotive]] sheds at Taunton. During the summer months there was often not enough water to go round.<ref name=haskell8/>

The canal gradually became clogged with weed, and the railway took much of the trade. Between 1870 and 1874, income dropped from £2,500 to £1,700. Three years later, the Bristol and Exeter Railway merged with the [[Great Western Railway]]. The new owners were remote, and were more interested in the water supply for Taunton station and for the Bridgwater Dock, than running the canal as a going concern, with the result that the canal deteriorated further. The Conservators continued their annual inspections, but had little hope of any improvements being made.<ref name=haskell8/>

The opening by the Great Western Railway of the [[Severn Tunnel]] in 1886 brought further decline, for the imports of [[coal]] and [[slate]] from [[South Wales]] to Bridgwater Dock and the canal could now be moved more directly. The provision in 1902 of [[water trough]]s on the railway near Creech, to enable non-stop trains to pick up water, required another {{convert|100000|impgal|m3}} a day, which was extracted from the Tone.<ref name=haskell9>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=85–105}}</ref> The remaining traffic moved to the railway, the last commercial boats used the canal, from Bridgwater dock to a wharf in North Town, Taunton, in 1907,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somerset-waterways.org/somerset-waterways-water.html |title=Bridgwater & Taunton Canal |work=Somerset Waterways |publisher=Somerset Waterways Development Trust |access-date=2008-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705121844/http://www.somerset-waterways.org/somerset-waterways-water.html |archive-date=5 July 2008 }}</ref> and the canal was effectively closed.<ref name=haskell9/>

===Closure===
[[Image:Pillbox and engine house.jpg|thumb|left|A [[British hardened field defences of World War II|pillbox]] which formed part of the [[Taunton Stop Line]], with Creech engine house, Charlton, in the background]]
After the [[World War I|First World War]] the canal remained in a state of limbo – with minimal maintenance by the railway company – and was the haunt of fishermen and walkers. The Conservators continued their annual inspections, and the infrastructure remained in remarkably good order, compared to many other closed canals. The section near [[Creech St Michael]] was even used for swimming lessons for the local school children in the 1930s.<ref name=haskell9/>

During the [[World War II|Second World War]] the route of the canal was employed as part of the [[Taunton Stop Line]], a defensive line which followed the course of canals and railway embankments from the mouth of the Parrett to Seaton on the south coast. All permanent bridges were [[Mining (military)|mined]] with demolition chambers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pillboxes-somerset.com/other_defences.htm |title=Other Defences |work=Somerset Pillboxes |access-date=2008-10-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820220651/http://www.pillboxes-somerset.com/other_defences.htm |archive-date=20 August 2008 }}</ref> Hamp Bridge was prepared for demolition with four small [[explosive charge|charge]] chambers under the east side of the arch containing a total of {{convert|30|lb|abbr=on}} of the explosive, [[ammonal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/22892|title=Hamp bridge, Bridgwater|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003095800/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/22892|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> [[Anti-tank obstacles]] were placed at bridge sites or locks to hinder bridging operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/12596|title=Second World War anti-tank obstacles, Coxhill Bridge, S of North Newton|work=Somerset Historic Environment Record|publisher=Somerset County Council|access-date=2008-10-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003092540/http://www.somersetheritage.org.uk/record/12596|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> All of the swing bridges were removed, but were then replaced with fixed timber bridges at towpath level. Only essential maintenance was carried out, to ensure a water supply for fire-fighting and to prevent flooding.<ref name=haskell9/> Although the physical structure of the canal was not damaged by enemy action, all of the Company records and traffic receipts, together with those of the Bristol and Exeter Railway, were destroyed during a bombing raid.<ref>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994}}, Author's Preface</ref>

Control of the canal passed into public ownership with the [[Transport Act 1947]]. Despite concerted efforts, the Conservators could not make any progress with the removal of the fixed low-level bridges, which prevented maintenance from being carried out. The [[Inland Waterways Association]] started to take an active interest in the restoration of the canal from 1952, but this was resisted by the [[British Transport Commission]], who padlocked the lock gates to prevent them being used. Despite this, a team of seven men was employed to maintain the infrastructure through this period.<ref name=haskell10>{{harvnb |Haskell |1994 |pp=106–112}}</ref> The maintenance of the channel enabled the canal to become one of the first to be used for the [[Water transportation|commercial transport of water]], which was pumped from the canal to [[Durleigh reservoir]] from 1962 onwards.{{sfn |Hardcastle |2006}}

The canal was absorbed by the [[British Waterways Board]] in 1962. The Conservators carried out an annual inspection in 1965, the first since 1947, but had to use a motor coach for most of the journey, as the locks were unusable. With the passing of the [[Transport Act 1968]], the canal was classified as a [[remainder waterway]] – little more than a drainage channel. Only essential maintenance to keep it safe was to be carried out. Soon afterwards, part of the cutting wall between West Street and Albert Street collapsed, and although the bed of the canal was cleared to ensure water could reach the dock, the [[towpath]] remained blocked for another nine years. Bridgwater Docks, which had been used by a small amount of coastal shipping, were finally closed in 1971: the connection at the docks was stopped up, and the British Waterways Board were granted permission to cease maintaining the canal for navigation.<ref name=haskell10/>