Editing Bradley County, Arkansas (section)

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2011}}
[[Indigenous peoples]] of various cultures had lived along the rivers of Arkansas for thousands of years and created complex societies.  [[Mississippian culture]] peoples built massive [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthwork mounds]] along the [[Ouachita River]] beginning about 1000 [[Common Era|CE]].

===Caddo Tribe===
The [[Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge|Felsenthal]] refuge at the south end of Bradley County contains over 200 native American archaeological sites, primarily from the [[Caddo]] tribe that lived in the area as long as 5,000 years ago. These sites include the remains of seasonal fishing camps, ceremonial plazas, temple mounds and large villages containing as many as 200 structures.

===French and Spanish control===
After [[Hernando de Soto]]'s exploration of the [[Mississippi Valley]] during the 1540s, there is little evidence of any European activity in the [[Ouachita River]] valley until the latter 17th century.

The map of the "Route de Thionville" across Bradley County, Arkansas, the [[Ouachita River]], the [[Saline river]], and [[Bayou Bartholomew]] is show at [[Spanish Texas]]. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adaie.jpg

===Mississippi Company===
Louis XIV's long reign and wars had nearly bankrupted the French monarchy. Rather than reduce spending, the Regency of Louis XV of France endorsed the monetary theories of John Law, a Scottish financier. In 1716, Law was given a charter for the Banque Royale under which the national debt was assigned to the bank in return for extraordinary privileges. The key to the Banque Royale agreement was that the national debt would be paid from revenues derived from opening the Mississippi Valley. The Bank was tied to other ventures of Law—the Company of the West and the Companies of the Indies. All were known as the Mississippi Company. The [[Mississippi Company]] had a monopoly on trade and mineral wealth. The Company boomed on paper. Law was given the title Duc d'Arkansas. Bernard de la Harpe and his party left New Orleans in 1719 to explore the Red River. In 1721, he explored the Arkansas River. At the Yazoo settlements in Mississippi he was joined by Jean Benjamin who became the scientist for the expedition.

In 1718, there were only 700 people in [[Louisiana]]. The Mississippi Company arranged ships to move eight hundred (800) people landed in Louisiana on one day in 1718, doubling the population.

John Law encouraged Germans, particularly Germans of the Alsatian region who had recently fallen under French rule, and the Swiss to emigrate.

Alsace was transformed into a mosaic of Catholic and Protestant territories. Alsace was sold to France within the greater context of the [[Thirty Years' War]] (1618–1648). Beset by enemies and to gain a free hand in Hungary, the Habsburgs sold their Sundgau territory (mostly in Upper Alsace) to France in 1646, which had occupied it, for the sum of 1.2 million Thalers.

Prisoners were set free in Paris in September 1719 and later, under the condition that they marry prostitutes and go with them to Louisiana. The newly married couples were chained together and taken to the port of embarkation. After complaints from the [[Mississippi Company]] and the concessioners about this class of French immigrants, in May 1720, the French government prohibited such deportations. But, there was a third shipment in 1721.

The Jesuit Charlevoix went from Canada to Louisiana. His letter said "these 9,000 Germans, who were raised in the Palatinate (Alsace part of France) were in Arkansas. The Germans left Arkansas en masse. They went to New Orleans and demanded passage to Europe. The [[Mississippi Company]] gave the Germans rich lands on the right bank of the Mississippi River about 25 miles above New Orleans. The area is now known as 'the [[German Coast]]'."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cuevas|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTP8fxliBI4C&q=%22mississippi+company%22+%22john+law%22+ships+prostitutes&pg=PA11|title=Cat Island: The History of a Mississippi Gulf Coast Barrier Island|date=January 10, 2014|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8578-9|language=en}}</ref>

===Estonia===
Sweden lost Swedish Livonia, Swedish Estonia and Ingria to Russia almost 100 years later, by the Capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710 and the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. [[Charles Frederick d'Arensbourg|Charles Frederic D'Arensbourg]] emigrated to Louisiana in 1721 with thirty officers. They would rather move to Louisiana, instead of living as Russians.

===French===
European interest in the region then came in three distinct waves. The French hunters, trappers, and traders appeared first and operated along the Ouachita River valley until the [[Natchez revolt]] of 1729, which frightened away any developers for a while. Next, in the 1740s and 1750s, French settlers meandered north from the Pointe Coupee Post in south [[French Louisiana]] and named many of [[bayou]]s. These settlers returned south to Pointe Coupee before the Spaniards took possession of Louisiana in the late 1760s. The third wave of European settlers were actually descendants of the second wave, mostly true Louisiana [[Creole peoples|Creole]]s born near the Point Coupee and [[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas]] Posts. Additionally, a few Canadians came down the river from the Arkansas Post, and a few native French traders also operated along the river in the 1770s.

Prior to 1782, with the exception of occasional failed colonization schemes, the Europeans ignored the vast Ouachita Valley, which extended from the area around [[Hot Springs, Arkansas]] southward towards the Mississippi River in Louisiana. This changed with the 1779–1782 war between England and Spain. After their defeat at the [[Battle of Baton Rouge (1779)|Battle of Baton Rouge]] in 1779, the English yielded control of Natchez to the Spaniards, and this led to several years of fighting as the English settlers resisted Spanish rule over them. After the ultimate English defeat, many settlers fled to the Ouachita Valley region, creating the threat of English/American rebel activity in the Ouachita Valley region. This prompted the Spanish governor, Don Bernardo, the Comte de Galvez, to establish a strong [[buffer zone]] between the independent American states and the Spanish province of Louisiana. In 1781 Galvez created the “Poste d'Ouachita” and named Jean-Baptist Filhiol (also known as Don Juan Filhiol) as the commandant. Filhiol served in this capacity between 1782 and 1804, and through his service helped to keep a firm Spanish grip on activities in the region.

Filhiol, his new wife, and a few others arrived in the Ouachita country in April 1782. He traveled up the river, past present-day Union Parish, to the old trading post called “Ecore a Fabri” (now [[Camden, Arkansas|Camden]]). For various reasons, after a few years Filhiol decided not to build his headquarters there and took his group back down river to the "''Prairie des Canots''".

Many [[Louisiana Creole people]] arrived in Louisiana following the Slave Uprising led by Toussaint Breda (later called L'Overture) in 1791 in Ste. Dominique, later called Haiti.

In 1801, Spanish Governor Don [[Juan Manuel de Salcedo]] took over for Governor [[Sebastián Calvo de la Puerta y O'Farrill|Calvo]], and the right to deposit goods from the United States was fully restored. Napoleon Bonaparte returned Louisiana to French control from Spain in 1800, under the [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of San Ildefonso]] (Louisiana had been a Spanish colony since 1762.) However, the treaty was kept secret, and Louisiana remained under Spanish control until a transfer of power to France on November 30, 1803, just three weeks before the cession to the United States.

[[James Monroe]] and [[Robert Livingston (1746–1813)|Robert R. Livingston]] traveled to [[Paris]] to negotiate the purchase in 1802. Their interest was only in the port and its environs; they did not anticipate the much larger transfer of territory that would follow.

The '''[[Louisiana Purchase]]''' was the acquisition by the [[United States|United States of America]] of {{convert|828800|sqmi|km2}} of [[French First Republic|France]]'s claim to the territory of [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]] in 1803.

===Name origins===
* L'Aigles Creek, [[Aigle]] "Eagle Creek", Eagle Lake.
*Bogalusa. A place on the Saline River near the Ouachita River (a different place with the same name is [[Bogalusa]], Louisiana).
*[[Charivari]] Creek, south of Hilo (a French folk custom in which the community gave a noisy, discordant mock serenade, also pounding on pots and pans, at the home of a person marrying for the second time.)<ref>[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/oca/Books2008-08/glossaryofmissis00mcde/glossaryofmissis00mcde.pdf] A Glossary of Mississippi French 1673-1850 | John Francis McDermott</ref>
*[[Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge|Felsenthal]] a Germanic word meaning "hills and valley" or "rocky valley."
*[[Moreau (surname)|Moreau]] Bayou de Moreau (or Moro Creek, Moro Bay) Moreau is a French [[surname]].
*Pereo geethe Lake. Pereo (Latin: Disappearance, death, loss.) Geethe (Estonian: currently a female name. Historical records suggest that Geethe might have been used as a male name in the 18th and 19th centuries. The origins and meaning of the name '''Geethe''' are unclear, but it's possible that it's derived from the Germanic word "güt," meaning "good" or " virtuous.")

===Early American period===
During the period 1837–1861, settlers arrived from Mississippi, Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia. Prior to 1860, to reach the available farmland of northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas, settlers from the [[Gulf Coast]] states most often crossed the Mississippi River at Natchez, then came up the Ouachita River.

===1824-1940===
During the war of 1812, Captain Hugh Bradley had frequent conversations with Spaniards who had explored the Red River country. The Spaniards told of the richness and wildness of that area.

About 1817, Captain Hugh Bradley, Ike Pennington, James Turner, Charles H. Ceay, and James Beard with their families moved using keelboats on the Cumberland River. They went west of Prairie D'Ane along the Red River near Shreveport, Louisiana. But the floods of the Red River caused diseases and fevers to the point of discouraging the inhabitants.

Around the year 1824, Ike Pennington started a settlement two miles north of where Warren now stands.

Captain Hugh Bradley moved to what was then Clark County in 1825. By 1826 they had all settled permanently near Pennington and had begun their permanent residences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/about/|title = Bradley And Cleveland County: Memories Of An Early Settler, Cleveland County Herald, Thursday, September 14, 1899, Page 2, Arkansas Family Historian |author= Rufus Buie |date= 1899}}</ref>

In early years, there was settlement known as the Saline Settlement and as the Pennington Settlement. Later it was named Cabeens. Postal service in the area was first established in 1832 at Cabeens, which may have been named after J.T. Cabeen, an early surveyor.<ref name="encyclopediaofarkansas.net">{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/bradley-county-750/|title = Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref>

Dr. John Thomas Cabeen served as postmaster from 1832 until 1843. John Harvie Marks donated thirty acres, and John Splawn donated ten acres of land for the town site. The first circuit court met on April 26, 1841, at Hugh Bradley's house. The name of Cabeens was changed to Warren in 1843. In 1850, the town of Warren was incorporated.

In 1840, a new county was created out of Union County, and named for Hugh Bradley.<ref name="encyclopediaofarkansas.net"/>

Some settlers from Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee arrived in the 1840s and 1850s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tinsman (Calhoun County) |url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/tinsman-calhoun-county-7268/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |language=en-US}}</ref>

Around 1849, Wiley and Louisa Powell moved to Bradley County, taking the title to the land that is now Hermitage. The following year. Louisa's parents, James and Susan Thompson, joined the Powells that year, as did Robert Pulley (who was pastor of Holly Springs Baptist Church) and the Jarrett family. Jefferson Singer, who had lived in Bradley County since 1840, acquired the Powell Farm at a later date. A post office for Hermitage was established in 1854. The name of the town was to honor President Andrew Jackson, whose home in Nashville, Tennessee was called The Hermitage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hermitage (Bradley County) |url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/hermitage-bradley-county-6131/ |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Bradley Lumber Company began logging the virgin hardwoods before 1901. In 1901, the Warren, Johnsville, and Saline River (WJ & SR) railroads began operations. It was owned by the Bradley Lumber Company. The railroad operated 15 miles of rails. It connected Warren with Hermitage and there was a connection with the Rock Island. There was a connection with the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway.

The Warren, Johnsville, and Saline River (WJ & SR) railroads brought the logs to the Warren plant. Finished products were shipped to Rock Island and the St. Louis, Iron Mountain & Southern Railway. In 1920, it was renamed the Warren & Saline River Railroad (W&SRR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.american-rails.com/ark.html|title = Arkansas Logging Railroads: History, List, Background}}</ref><ref name="srs.fs.fed.us">https://www.srs.fs.fed.us/pubs/ja/ja_darling001.pdf The Early Mills, Railroads, and Logging Camps of the Crossett Lumber Company | O. H. "DOOGIE" DARLING AND DON C. BRAGG</ref> The [[Warren & Ouachita Valley Railway]] was jointly owned by the Arkansas Lumber Company and the Southern Lumber Company. It began operations around 1901 connecting Banks with Warren.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logging Railroads Of Arkansas: Geared Steam In The Ozarks |url=https://www.american-rails.com/ark.html |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=American-Rails.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.american-rails.com/images/rock-island-map.jpg The Rock Island, map 1938</ref>

Parts of former railroads of the lumber companies were changed to company roads for trucking logging to mills in Warren. Those company roads were straight, level, and with long radius curves because the railroads were built straight, level, and with long radius curves. Many company roads because county roads. Temporary spur rail lines were built to remove some of the virgin timber. The rails and crossties were repeatedly reused. There was earthwork [[cut (earthworks)]] for the spur rail lines remain.<ref name="srs.fs.fed.us"/>

The Bradley Lumber Company at Wheeler and Martin street employed 1,100 workers in year 1941. That company was only of the largest purchasers of hardwood in the south. A leading product was unassembled furniture which was crated and shipped to eastern assembly plants. There was a flooring plant and a hickory products department. The company had a village of 4 and 5 rooms houses for its employees.

A Southern Lumber Company mill was at the west end of Pine Street. That plant employed about 400 people to make oak and pine flooring. The company also owned a village for its employees.<ref>{{Cite book |last=on |first=Best Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eRujhKef6FkC&dq=%22the+southern+company%22+arkansas+bradley+county&pg=PA347 |title=Arkansas: A Guide to the State |date=1941 |publisher=Best Books on |isbn=978-1-62376-004-5 |language=en}}</ref>