Editing Bozeman, Montana (section)

==History==
===Early history===

For many years, [[indigenous people of the United States]], including the [[Shoshone]], [[Nez Perce tribe|Nez Perce]], [[Blackfoot Confederacy|Blackfeet]], [[Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation|Flathead]], [[Crow Nation]] and [[Sioux]] traveled through the area, called the "Valley of the Flowers".<ref name=PSmith>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Phyllis |title=Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History |publisher=Falcon Press Publishers |location=Helena, MT |year=1996 |isbn=1-56044-540-8 |pages=1–2 }}</ref> The [[Gallatin Valley]] in particular, in which Bozeman is located, was primarily within the territory of the Crow people.

===19th century===

[[File:JohnBozeman.JPG|thumb|upright|John Bozeman]]

[[William Clark (explorer)|William Clark]] visited the area in July 1806 as he traveled east from [[Three Forks, Montana|Three Forks]] along the [[Gallatin River]]. The party camped {{convert|3|mi|km}} east of what is now Bozeman, at the mouth of Kelly Canyon. The journal entries from Clark's party briefly describe the future city's location.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lewisandclark.mt.gov/sites.asp?IDNumber=30 |title=Lewis and Clark, Bozeman and the Museum of the Rockies |publisher=Travel Montana |access-date=January 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231161954/http://lewisandclark.mt.gov/sites.asp?IDNumber=30 |archive-date=December 31, 2010 }}</ref>

====John Bozeman====

In 1863, [[John Bozeman]], a pioneer and frontiersman from [[Pickens County, Georgia]], along with a partner named John Jacob, opened the [[Bozeman Trail]], a new northern trail off the [[Oregon Trail]] leading to the mining town of [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]] through the Gallatin Valley and the future location of the city of Bozeman.

John Bozeman, with Daniel Rouse and William Beall, [[plat]]ted the town in August 1864, stating "standing right in the gate of the mountains ready to swallow up all tenderfeet that would reach the territory from the east, with their golden fleeces to be taken care of."<ref>{{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Cortlandt L. |title=The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983 |publisher=Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society |location=Bozeman, MT |year=1988 |pages=62–65 }}</ref> [[Red Cloud's War]] closed the Bozeman Trail in 1868, but the town's fertile land still attracted permanent settlers.

====Nelson Story====

In 1866, [[Nelson Story]], a successful [[Virginia City, Montana|Virginia City]], Montana, gold miner originally from [[Ohio]], entered the cattle business. Story braved the hostile Bozeman Trail to successfully drive some 1,000 head of [[Texas Longhorn (cattle)|longhorn cattle]] into [[Paradise Valley, Montana|Paradise Valley]] just east of Bozeman. Eluding the U.S. Army, who tried to turn Story back to protect the drive from hostile Indigenous Americans, Story's cattle formed one of the earliest significant herds in Montana's cattle industry.<ref name=Kennedy>{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Michael S. |title=Cowboys and Cattlemen-A Roundup from Montana The Magazine of Western History |year=1964 |chapter=Tall in the Saddle-First Trail Drive to Montana Territory |publisher=Hastings House Publishing |location=New York |pages=103–111 }}</ref> Story established a sizable ranch in the Paradise Valley and holdings in the Gallatin Valley. He later donated land to the state for the establishment of Montana State University.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wellman |first=Paul I. |chapter=IX-Men Who Didn't Care |title=The Trampling Herd |publisher=J. B. Lippincott & Co. |location=Philadelphia, PA |year=1939 |pages=94–106 }}</ref>

====Fort Ellis====

[[Fort Ellis]] was established in 1867 by Captain R. S. LaMotte and two companies of the 2nd Cavalry, after the murder of John Bozeman near the mouth of Mission Creek on Yellowstone River,<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Phyllis |title=Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History |publisher=Falcon Press Publishers |location=Helena, MT |year=1996 |isbn=1-56044-540-8 |pages=102–103 }}</ref><ref>{{cite gnis |id=787497 |name=Mission Creek }}</ref> and considerable political disturbance in the area led local settlers and miners to feel a need for added protection. The fort, named for [[Battle of Gettysburg|Gettysburg]] casualty [[Augustus van Horne Ellis|Colonel Augustus Van Horne Ellis]], was decommissioned in 1886 and few remnants are left at the actual site, now occupied by the Fort Ellis Experimental Station of Montana State University.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siebel |first=Dennis |title=Fort Ellis, Montana Territory (1867–1886) – The Fort That Guarded Bozeman |publisher=Gallatin County Historical Association |location=Bozeman, Montana |year=1996 |page=44 }}</ref> In addition to Fort Ellis, a short-lived fort, [[Fort Elizabeth Meagher]] (also simply known as Fort Meagher), was established in 1867 by volunteer militiamen. This fort was located {{convert|8|mi|km|1}} east of town on Rocky Creek.<ref>{{cite gnis |id=1743885 |name=Fort Elizabeth Meagher }}</ref>

===Other===
In 1864, W.W. Alderson described [[Gallatin County, Montana|Gallatin County]] as "one of the most beautiful and picturesque valleys the eye ever beheld, abounding in springs of clear water." Many tended to agree, and Bozeman quickly garnered the nickname of "The Egypt" of Montana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2021 |title=Bozeman Montana History |url=https://www.taunyafagan.com/bozeman-montana/ |access-date=February 28, 2022 |website=Taunya Fagan |language=en-US |archive-date=February 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228153012/https://www.taunyafagan.com/bozeman-montana/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

After incorporation, the first issue of the weekly ''Avant Courier'' newspaper, the precursor of today's ''[[Bozeman Chronicle]]'', was published in Bozeman on September 13, 1871.<ref>{{cite book |last=Putnam |first=James Bruce |title=The Evolution of a Frontier Town: Bozeman, Montana and Its Search For Economic Stability 1864–1887 |publisher=Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society |location=Bozeman, MT |year=1988 |page=28 }}</ref>

[[File:BozemanMainStreet1875.jpg|thumb|right|Main Street in Bozeman, 1875<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arc.lib.montana.edu/brook-0771/item/609 |title=Thomas Brook Photographs Collection 771 – Montana State University Libraries |author=Thomas B. Brook |access-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 27, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727192744/http://arc.lib.montana.edu/brook-0771/item/609 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Bozeman's main cemetery, Sunset Hills Cemetery, was given to the city in 1872 when the English lawyer and philanthropist [[William Henry Blackmore]] purchased the land after his wife Mary Blackmore died of pneumonia in Bozeman in July 1872.<ref name=freeman67>{{cite book |last=Freeman |first=Cortlandt L. |title=The Growing Up Years The First 100 Years of Bozeman as an Incorporated City from 1883 to 1983 |publisher=Montana Centennial Commission Gallatin County Historical Society |location=Bozeman, MT |year=1988 |page=67 }}</ref>

The first library in Bozeman was formed by the Young Men's Library Association in a room above a drugstore in 1872. It later moved to the mayor's office and was taken over by the city in 1890.<ref name=freeman67/>
The first [[The National Grange of the Order of Patrons of Husbandry|Grange]] meeting in [[Montana Territory]] was held in Bozeman in 1873.<ref>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Phyllis |title=Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley. A History |publisher=Falcon Press Publishers |location=Helena, MT |year=1996 |isbn=1-56044-540-8 |page=129 }}</ref> The [[Northern Pacific Railway]] reached Bozeman from the east in 1883.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mulvaney |first=Tom |title=Bozeman and the Gallatin Valley |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |location=Chicago, IL |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7385-7084-6 |page=70 }}</ref> By 1900, Bozeman's population had reached 3,500.

In 1892, the [[United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries]] established a fish hatchery on Bridger Creek at the entrance to Bridger Canyon. The fourth oldest fish hatchery in the United States, the facility ceased to be primarily a hatchery in 1966 and became the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]'s [[Bozeman National Fish Hatchery]], later a fish technology and fish health center. The Center receives approximately 5,000 visitors a year observing biologists working on diet testing, feed manufacturing technology, fish diseases, brood stock development and improvement of water quality.<ref name=BFTC>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/bozemanfishtech/outreach.html |title=Fish Technology Center-Outreach |publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service |access-date=January 18, 2011 |archive-date=December 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222140318/http://www.fws.gov/bozemanfishtech/outreach.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=MRA>{{cite web |url=http://www.montanariveraction.org/fish-tech-center.html |title=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Fish Technology Center |publisher=Montana River Action |access-date=January 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125103621/http://www.montanariveraction.org/fish-tech-center.html |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bozeman was home to early [[minor league baseball]]. In 1892, Bozeman fielded a team in the [[Class B (baseball)|Class B]] level [[Montana State League]]. In 1909, the [[Bozeman Irrigators]] played as members of the [[Class D (baseball)|Class D]] level [[Inter-Mountain League]]. Both leagues disbanded.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=29ba5359 |title=1909 Inter-Mountain League |website=Baseball-Reference.com |access-date=February 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212054859/https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/league.cgi?id=29ba5359 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Montana State University was established in 1893 as the state's [[Land grant|land-grant]] college, then named the Agricultural College of the State of Montana. By the 1920s, the institution was known as Montana State College, and in 1965 it became [[Montana State University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montana.edu/msuhistory/ |title=Montana State University History |publisher=Montana State History |access-date=January 9, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605124215/http://www.montana.edu/msuhistory/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref>

===20th century===

Bozeman's first high school, the Gallatin Valley High School, was built on West Main Street in 1902. Later known as Willson School, named for notable Bozeman architect [[Fred Fielding Willson]], son of [[Lester S. Willson]], the building still stands today and functions as administrative offices for the Bozeman School District.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenks |first=Jim |title=A Guide to Historic Bozeman |publisher=Montana Historical Society Press |location=Helena, MT |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9721522-3-5 |pages=26–33 }}</ref>

In the early 20th century, over {{convert|17000|acre|km2}} of the Gallatin Valley were planted in edible [[pea]]s harvested for both canning and seed.<ref name=Hurlbut/> By the 1920s, canneries in the Bozeman area were major producers of canned peas, and at one point Bozeman produced approximately 75% of all seed peas in the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenks |first=Jim |title=A Guide to Historic Bozeman |publisher=Montana Historical Society Press |location=Helena, MT |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-9721522-3-5 |pages=36–37 }}</ref> The area was once known as the "Sweet Pea capital of the nation" referencing the prolific edible pea crop. To promote the area and celebrate its prosperity, local business owners began a "Sweet Pea Carnival" that included a parade and queen contest. The annual event lasted from 1906 to 1916. Promoters used the inedible but fragrant and colorful [[sweet pea]] flower as an emblem of the celebration. In 1977 the "Sweet Pea" concept was revived as an arts festival rather than a harvest celebration, growing into a three-day event that is one of the largest festivals in Montana.<ref name=Hurlbut>{{cite book |title=Insiders' Guide to Yellowstone and Grand Teton |author=Hurlbut, Brian |author2=Seabring Davis |publisher=Globe Pequot |year=2009 |pages=179–181 |isbn=978-0-7627-5041-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZKG-F4EycgC&q=%22Sweet+Pea+Capital+of+the+Nation%22&pg=PT151 }}</ref>

The first federal building and Post Office was built in 1915. Many years later, while unused, it became a film location, along with downtown Bozeman, in ''[[A River Runs Through It (film)|A River Runs Through It]]'' (1992) by [[Robert Redford]], starring [[Brad Pitt]]. It is now used by [[Human Resource Development Council|HRDC]], a community organization.

In 1986, the {{convert|60|acre|ha|adj=on}} site of the Idaho Pole Co. on Rouse Avenue was designated a [[Superfund]] site and placed on the [[National Priorities List]]. Idaho Pole treated wood products with [[creosote]] and [[pentachlorophenol]] on the site between 1945 and 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/mt/idaho_pole/index.html |title=Superfund Program-Idaho Pole Co. |publisher=Environmental Protection Agency |access-date=February 15, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514045356/http://www.epa.gov/region8/superfund/mt/idaho_pole/index.html |archive-date=May 14, 2010 }}</ref>

The [[Museum of the Rockies]] was created in 1957 as the gift from [[Butte, Montana|Butte]] physician Caroline McGill and is a part of Montana State University and an affiliate institution of the [[Smithsonian]]. It is Montana's premier natural and cultural history museum and houses permanent exhibits on dinosaurs, geology and Montana history, as well as a planetarium and a living history farm. [[Paleontologist]] [[Jack Horner (paleontologist)|Jack Horner]] was the museum's first curator of paleontology and brought national notice to the museum for his fossil discoveries in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/article_f418bce8-7438-527d-bf29-016e6cc0d6ac.html |title=Museum of the Rockies to become Smithsonian affiliate |date=August 5, 2005 |publisher=Helena Independent Record |access-date=January 23, 2010 |archive-date=July 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120715195354/http://helenair.com/news/state-and-regional/article_f418bce8-7438-527d-bf29-016e6cc0d6ac.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

===21st century===
[[File:BozemanMainStreetEast2011.jpg|thumb|Main Street in Bozeman, 2011]]

From a rank of sixth in the early [19]80s, Bozeman has grown to become the fourth largest city in Montana.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceic.mt.gov/Demog/historic/Censusplace18902000.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 25, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001813/http://ceic.mt.gov/Demog/historic/Censusplace18902000.pdf |archive-date=April 26, 2012 }}</ref><ref name="census1">{{cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/30/3008950.html |title=Bozeman (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau |publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov |access-date=June 10, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618101949/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/30/3008950.html |archive-date=June 18, 2012 }}</ref>

Growth in the Gallatin Valley prompted the Gallatin Airport Authority in 2009 to expand the Gallatin Field Airport with two new gates, an expanded passenger screening area, and a third [[baggage carousel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/article_c6f36310-b9dd-54ce-9b0c-3bb6830c1888.html |title=Airport Expansion Ramping Up-October 28, 2009 |work=Bozeman Chronicle |date=August 9, 2009 |access-date=January 20, 2011 |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730024557/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/article_c6f36310-b9dd-54ce-9b0c-3bb6830c1888.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, Gallatin Field was renamed [[Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bacaj, Jason |url=http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/economy/article_b605c604-2224-11e1-8be9-0019bb2963f4.html |title=Gallatin Airport Authority approves airport name change |work=Bozeman Daily Chronicle |date=December 9, 2011 |access-date=January 30, 2012 |archive-date=January 8, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108095251/http://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/economy/article_b605c604-2224-11e1-8be9-0019bb2963f4.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Bozeman has been one of Montana's fastest growing cities from 1990 into the new millennium,<!--While Bozeman is not quite urban, it is expected that Bozeman will become Montana's fourth metropolitan area by 2020.--> currently growing at a fluctuating rate of 2–3% annually.<ref>{{cite web |title=U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Bozeman city, Montana |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bozemancitymontana/PST045223#PST045223 |website=census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=January 6, 2025 |archive-date=May 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511053304/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/bozemancitymontana/PST045223#PST045223 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, a natural gas explosion on the 200 block of East Main Street destroyed five buildings housing several businesses including Boodles restaurant and the Montana Trails Gallery. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Beacon |date=2009-03-13 |title=Broken Natural Gas Line Caused Bozeman Explosion |url=https://flatheadbeacon.com/2009/03/13/broken-natural-gas-line-caused-bozeman-explosion/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=Flathead Beacon |language=en}}</ref> The explosion, caused by a separation in a underground gas line, killed a 36-year-old gallery employee and the resulting fire burned for more than a day.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broxton |first=Deion |date=2019-03-05 |title=Deadly Bozeman explosion remembered, 10 years later |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/local/deadly-bozeman-explosion-remembered-10-years-later |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=KECI |language=en}}</ref>

That same year, city officials were criticized for requesting job applicants provide their user names and passwords to social networking sites.<ref name=Huffpost>{{cite news |last=Gouras |first=Matt |title=Montana City Asks Job Applicants For Facebook passwords |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/19/montana-city-asks-job-app_n_218152.html |access-date=February 26, 2013 |newspaper=HuffPost |date=June 19, 2009 |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217000053/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/19/montana-city-asks-job-app_n_218152.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, it was reported that median home price in Bozeman were about 75% above the national median, while the median household income was 25% below the national median.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bozeman Housing Market Gentrified by Remote Workers |url=https://www.npr.org/transcripts/977533022 |website=NPR |date=March 15, 2021 |access-date=April 4, 2021 }}</ref>