Editing Boulder, Colorado (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}
Archaeological evidence shows that Boulder Valley has been continuously inhabited by Native American tribes for over 13,000 years, beginning in the late Pleistocene era. Throughout the Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric periods, Indigenous peoples moved seasonally between the mountains and plains, taking shelter in winter along the Front Range trough where Boulder now lies. By the 1500s, the area was occupied by Ute tribes, joined by Arapaho tribes in the early 1800s.<ref name="COEncyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Boulder, Colorado |url=https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder |encyclopedia=Colorado Encyclopedia |access-date=October 17, 2023 |archive-date=June 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607012937/https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/boulder |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Indigenous Nations who have ties to the Boulder Valley include the [[Apache]], [[Arapaho]], [[Cheyenne]], [[Comanche]], [[Kiowa]], [[Pawnee people|Pawnee]], [[Shoshone]], [[Sioux]], and [[Ute people|Ute]] peoples. In the 1800s, Euro-American settlers colonized the area.<ref>{{cite web |website=City of Boulder |title=Boulder Land Acknowledgment |url=https://bouldercolorado.gov/projects/staff-land-acknowledgment|access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref>

Boulder was founded in late 1858 when prospectors led by Thomas Aikins arrived at Boulder Canyon during the Colorado Gold Rush. Arapaho leader Niwot allowed them to stay for the winter, but the settlers abused this peaceful approach, and some later took part in the [[Sand Creek massacre]] of Arapaho.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drugan |first=Tim |date=2022-12-16 |title=Southern Arapaho elder says Boulder should amend Fort Chambers sign but leave it up |url=http://boulderreportinglab.org/2022/12/15/fred-mosqueda-in-his-own-words-southern-arapaho-elder-says-boulder-should-amend-fort-chambers-sign-but-leave-it-up/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=The Boulder Reporting Lab |language=en-US |archive-date=July 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709125837/https://boulderreportinglab.org/2022/12/15/fred-mosqueda-in-his-own-words-southern-arapaho-elder-says-boulder-should-amend-fort-chambers-sign-but-leave-it-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In early 1859, gold was discovered along Boulder Creek, drawing more miners and merchants to the area. The Boulder City Town Company was formed in February 1859 to establish a settlement at the canyon mouth. The Boulder, Nebraska Territory, post office opened on April 22, 1859.<ref name=CPO>{{cite book|title=Colorado Post Offices 1859–1989|first1=William H.|last1=Bauer|first2=James L.|last2=Ozment|first3=John H.|last3=Willard|date=1990|publisher=[[Colorado Railroad Museum|Colorado Railroad Historical Foundation]]|location=[[Golden, Colorado]]|isbn=0-918654-42-4}}</ref>

On August 24, 1859, voters of the [[Pike's Peak Gold Rush|Pike's Peak mining region]] approved the formation of the [[Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson]],<ref name="Jefferson Territory">{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkkRAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16|journal=The University of Colorado Studies: General Series A|publisher=[[University of Colorado]]|location=Boulder, Colorado|pages=15–18|author=Frederic L. Paxson |title=The Territory of Jefferson: A Spontaneous Commonwealth|year=1906|volume=3|editor=Francis Ramaley|access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> and on November 28, 1859, the extralegal Jefferson Territory created [[Jackson County, Jefferson Territory|Jackson County]] with Boulder City as its seat.<ref name=JT>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kBc4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA190|chapter=An Act Defining the Boundaries of Counties and for other purposes|title=Provisional Laws and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of Jefferson Territory|publisher=General Assembly of the Provisional Government of the Territory of Jefferson|date=November 28, 1859|access-date=November 7, 2024}}</ref> By 1860, Boulder City had 70 cabins, occupied mainly by Anglo families. Non-whites like Chinese miners and black residents were part of early Boulder, but were rarely pictured.<ref name="COEncyclopedia"/>

The [[Slave states and free states|free]] [[Territory of Colorado]] was organized on February 28, 1861,<ref name="Colorado Origin Act">{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/36th-congress/session-2/c36s2ch59.pdf|title=An Act To provide a temporary Government for the Territory of Colorado|author=Thirty-sixth United States Congress|website=[[Library of Congress]]|author-link=36th United States Congress|date=February 28, 1861|access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> and Boulder County was created on November 1, 1861, with Boulder City as its seat The Arapaho were forced to relocate by the Treaty of Fort Wise. With declining numbers, Niwot's band soon moved to the Cheyenne-Arapaho Reservation. By 1862, the creek had yielded $100,000 in gold, and Boulder's population exceeded 300.

On November 7, 1861, the [[Colorado General Assembly]] passed legislation to locate the University of Colorado in Boulder.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.colorado.edu/catalog/2013-14/information/intro|title = University of Colorado History|website = University of Colorado |access-date = February 10, 2016|archive-date = July 17, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170717215550/http://www.colorado.edu/catalog/2013-14/information/intro|url-status = live}}</ref> The City of Boulder City was incorporated on November 4, 1871.<ref name=MuniIncCO/> On September 20, 1875, the first cornerstone was laid for the first building (Old Main) on the CU campus. Colorado became a state on August 1, 1876,<ref name=Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation>{{cite web |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/proclamation-230-admission-colorado-into-the-union|title=Proclamation 230—Admission of Colorado into the Union|author=[[Ulysses S. Grant]] |date=August 1, 1876|publisher=The American Presidency Project|access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref> and the university officially opened on September 5, 1877.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boulder-colorado-travel.com/boulder-history/c-u-history |title=C.U. History |publisher=BoulderGuide |date=June 30, 2009 |access-date=December 9, 2010 |archive-date=November 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105174241/http://boulder-colorado-travel.com/boulder-history/c-u-history/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The City of Boulder City shortened its name to the City of Boulder.

In 1907, Boulder adopted an anti-[[western saloon|saloon]] ordinance.<ref>{{cite web | title = A Boulder Timeline | website= Boulder History Museum | access-date = January 17, 2010 | url = http://boulderhistory.org/boulder-history/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010084603/http://boulderhistory.org/boulder-history/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = October 10, 2014 }}</ref> In 1916, statewide [[prohibition]] started in Colorado, and ended with the repeal of national prohibition in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ghostseekers.com/Timeline.htm |title=Brief History of Colorado |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307061152/http://www.ghostseekers.com/Timeline.htm |archive-date=March 7, 2008 |website=ghostseekers.com}}</ref>
{{wide image|Boulder, Colorado, ca. 1900.jpg|700px|align-cap=center|Boulder in 1900}}

=== Housing ===
Median home prices rose 60% from 2010 to 2015 to $648,200.<ref name="NYT7316">{{cite news |first=Conor |last=Dougherty |date=July 3, 2016 |title=How Anti-Growth Sentiment, Reflected in Zoning Laws, Thwarts Equality |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/business/how-anti-growth-sentiment-reflected-in-zoning-laws-thwarts-equality.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607185844/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/04/business/how-anti-growth-sentiment-reflected-in-zoning-laws-thwarts-equality.html |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |access-date=July 4, 2016 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> In 2024, the City Council of Boulder repealed a long-standing law that prevented Boulder from increasing new residential units by more than 1% in a year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portillo |first=Ashley |date=January 19, 2024 |title=City Council in Boulder, one of Colorado's least affordable cities, votes to remove cap on residential growth |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/boulder-remove-residential-growth-cap-city-council-vote-housing-affordable-colorado/ |website=CBS News |language=en-US |access-date=January 23, 2024 |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123135953/https://www.cbsnews.com/colorado/news/boulder-remove-residential-growth-cap-city-council-vote-housing-affordable-colorado/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1959, city voters approved the "Blue Line" city-charter amendment, which restricted city water service to altitudes below {{convert|5750|ft|m}}, to protect the mountain backdrop from development. In 1967, city voters approved a dedicated sales tax to acquire open space to contain [[urban sprawl]]. In 1970, Boulder created a "comprehensive plan" to dictate future zoning, transportation, and urban planning decisions. Hoping to preserve residents' views of the mountains, in 1972, the city enacted an ordinance limiting the height of newly constructed buildings. In 1974, a Historic Preservation Code was passed. In 1976, a ''residential-growth management'' ordinance, the Danish Plan, was passed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Historic Preservation Program Background |url=https://bouldercolorado.gov/planning/historic-preservation-program-background |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131025214639/https://bouldercolorado.gov/planning/historic-preservation-program-background |archive-date=October 25, 2013 |access-date=September 3, 2012 |website=City of Boulder}}</ref><ref name="boulder1">{{cite web |title=Did You Know?... The Story of Boulder, Colorado: Its Struggles To Reconcile Growth With Environmental Preservation |url=http://bcn.boulder.co.us/lwv/lwvknow.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060726204019/http://bcn.boulder.co.us/lwv/lwvknow.html |archive-date=July 26, 2006 |website=League of Women Voters of Boulder Valley}}</ref>