Editing Bornholm (section)

== History ==
=== Medieval ===
[[File:Burg Hammershus 5.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Hammershus]] ruin]]
[[File:GudhjemMill.JPG|thumb|upright|Windmill in Gudhjem]]
In [[Old Norse]] the island was known as ''Burgundaholmr'', and in [[History of Danish|ancient Danish]] especially the island's name was ''Borghand'' or ''Borghund''; these names were related to Old Norse ''borg'' 'height' and ''bjarg/berg'' 'mountain, rock' because it is an island that rises high from the sea.<ref>[[J. P. Mallory|Mallory, J.P.]] and [[Douglas Q. Adams|D.Q. Adams]]. ''[[Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture]]''. London: [[Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers]], 1997: p. 269</ref> Other names known for the island include ''Burgendaland'' (9th century), ''Hulmo'' / ''Holmus'' (''[[Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum]]''), ''Burgundehulm'' (1145), and ''Borghandæholm'' (14th century).<ref>Politikens Nudansk Ordborg (1993), 15th edition, entry "Bornholm" {{in lang|da}}</ref> The Old English translation of Orosius uses the form ''Burgenda land''.<ref>King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon version of Orosius, London, 1859, edited by J. Bosworth</ref> There are scholars who believe that the [[Burgundians]] are named after Bornholm. The Burgundians were a [[Germanic peoples|Germanic people]] who were settled in the [[Rhone]] region by the Romans, and who the region of [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]] in [[France]] is named after.<ref>{{citation|encyclopedia=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde| volume=4| edition=2| editor1-first=Heinrich |editor1-last=Beck|editor2-first= Dieter |editor2-last=Geuenich |editor3-first= Heiko |editor3-last=Steuer|year=1981| isbn=978-3-11-006513-8 |title=Burgunden}}</ref>

=== Modern ===
[[File:Bornholm-arsdale-windmill.jpg|thumb|upright|An 1877 windmill at [[Aarsdale]]]]

Bornholm was pawned to [[Lübeck]] by [[Frederick I of Denmark]] for 50 years starting in 1525, in payment for its support in his acquisition of the Danish throne.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Lübecker time |url=https://www.bornholm.net/holiday-bornholm-bornholms-history-1321-1525.html |website=Lubeck.net |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref> Its first militia, [[Bornholms Milits]], was formed in 1624. Swedish forces conquered the island in 1645, but returned the island to Denmark in the following peace settlement. After the war in 1658, Denmark ceded the island to Sweden under the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] along with the rest of the [[Skåneland]], [[Bohuslän]] and [[Trøndelag]], and it was occupied by Swedish forces.
[[Bornholm uprising|A revolt broke out the same year]], culminating in Villum Clausen's shooting of the Swedish commander [[Johan Printzensköld]] on 8 December 1658.<ref name=Museum>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/sekundaer-menu/forside.aspx |title=Bornholm Museum |access-date=20 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221145429/http://www.bornholmsmuseum.dk/sekundaer-menu/forside.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> After the revolt, the inhabitants handed back their island to the Danish kings.

[[File:Rønne.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rønne]]]]
Bornholm attracted many famous artists at the beginning of the 20th century, forming a group now known as the [[Bornholm school of painters]]. In addition to [[Oluf Høst]], they include [[Karl Isaksson]] (1878–1922) from Sweden, and the Danes [[Edvard Weie]] (1879–1943), [[Olaf Rude]] (1886–1957), [[Niels Lergaard]] (1893–1982), and [[Kræsten Iversen]] (1886–1955).<ref>[http://www.visitdenmark.com/en-us/bornholm/art/bornholms-culture-and-heritage "Bornholm's culture and heritage"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503105849/http://www.visitdenmark.com/en-us/bornholm/art/bornholms-culture-and-heritage|date=3 May 2013}}, Visit Denmark. Retrieved 13 November 2012</ref>

=== World War II ===
On 22 August 1942 a [[V-1 flying bomb]] crashed on Bornholm during a test – the warhead was a dummy made of concrete. The wreckage was photographed and sketched by the Danish Naval Officer-in-Charge on Bornholm, Lieutenant Commander Hasager Christiansen. When reported to British Intelligence, it was one of the first signs of Germany's aspirations to develop flying bombs and rockets, which were to become known as V-1. The Bornholm rocket turned out to be from [[Peenemünde]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mindling |first1=George |title=U.S. Air Force Tactical Missiles, 1949-1969: The Pioneers |last2=Bolton |first2=Robert |date=2011 |publisher=Lulu.com |pages=4}}</ref>

During the Soviet bombing of the two main towns on 7-8 May 1945, Danish radio was not allowed to broadcast the news because it was thought it would spoil the liberation festivities in Denmark.<ref>En Ø i krig / An island at war by Børge Kure</ref> On 9 May, Soviet troops [[Landing at Bornholm|landed on the island]], and after a short fight, the German garrison (about 12,000 strong<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 1945 |title=Soviet Information Bureau report |url=http://eng.9may.ru/eng_inform/m9004261 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720160020/http://eng.9may.ru/eng_inform/m9004261 |archive-date=20 July 2011 |access-date=2007-09-17}}</ref>) surrendered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bornholm during World War II |url=http://www.bornholm.info/Historie/482we.aspx?langId=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928023108/http://www.bornholm.info/Historie/482we.aspx?langId=2 |archive-date=28 September 2007|access-date=2007-09-06}}</ref> Soviet forces would leave the island on 5 April 1946.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stalin's Danish Mystery |url=https://www.historytoday.com/miscellanies/stalin%E2%80%99s-danish-mystery |publisher=History Today}}</ref>

Later research found that the Soviet bombing of Bornholm resulted in approximately three thousand Danish civilians in [[Rønne]] becoming homeless, while damaging a majority of the houses in [[Nexø]], fully destroying roughly one-tenth. Ten Danes were killed and thirty-five wounded, considered a low number, because many civilians were evacuated to shelters on the outskirts of the respective towns before the worst raids hit.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Naimark |first=Norman |title=[[Stalin and the Fate of Europe: The Postwar Struggle for Sovereignty]] |date=2019 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |isbn=9780674242920 |pages=42–43 |chapter=The Bornholm Interlude}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jensen |first=Bent |title=Den lange befrielse: Bornholm besat og befriet, 1945-1946 |publisher=Udgivelsesar |year=1996 |location=Odense |pages=122–126 |language=da}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The final liberation of Bornholm |url=https://www.kb.dk/en/inspiration/liberation/final-liberation-bornholm |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=kb.dk |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Cold War ===
After the evacuation of their forces from Bornholm, the Soviets took the position that the stationing of foreign troops on Bornholm would be considered a declaration of war against the Soviet Union, and that Denmark should keep troops on it at all times to protect it from such foreign aggression. This policy remained in force after [[NATO]] was formed, with Denmark as a founding member. The Soviets accepted the stationing there of Danish troops, which were part of NATO but viewed as militarily inferior elements of the alliance, but they strongly objected to the presence of other NATO troops on Bornholm, US troops in particular.<ref>[https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB01.pdf Vojtech Mastny, "NATO in the Beholder’s Eye: Soviet Perceptions and Policies, 1949–56". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102012302/http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/ACFB01.pdf |date=2 November 2013 }} Retrieved 10 November 2012</ref>

On 5 March 1953, the day of [[Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin|Stalin's death]], Polish pilot [[Franciszek Jarecki]] defected from the Eastern Bloc and landed a [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15|MiG-15]] fighter on the island. He was later granted asylum and rewarded for providing Western intelligence with the then-newest Soviet jet fighter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubentein |first1=Joshua |title=The Last Days of Stalin |date=31 May 2016 |publisher=Yale University Press |edition=Kindle}}</ref>

In 2017, Denmark's [[Danish Defence Intelligence Service|Defence Intelligence Service]] decided to build a listening tower near [[Østermarie]], almost 90 meters high, to intercept radio communications across the Baltic Sea and in parts of Russia.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold War Returns As NATO Member Denmark Builds Spy Station to Capture Russia Intelligence |url=https://www.newsweek.com/cold-war-returns-nato-member-denmark-builds-spy-station-capture-russia-718758 |publisher=Newsweek |date=21 November 2017}}</ref>