Editing Bonsai (section)

==History==
{{main article|History of bonsai}}

===Early versions===
[[File:Kazan Zanketsu.jpg|thumb|alt=''Kazan'', 8th century|''Kazan'', 8th century]]
The [[Japanese art]] of bonsai is believed to have originated from ''[[bonkei]]'' ({{lang|ja|盆景}}, ''[[penjing]]'' in Chinese) introduced from China.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Patrick|title=The Oxford companion to the garden|year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-955197-2|page=53|edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last=Keswick | first=Maggie | title=In a Chinese Garden: The Art and Architecture of the Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Classical Chinese Garden | year=1991 | publisher= Raincoast Book Dist Ltd. | location=Vancouver | isbn=978-0-9694573-0-5 | page=59 |author2=Oberlander, Judy |author3=Wai, Joe }}</ref> In the [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]], there was the art of representing natural scenery with plants and stones in a tray{{cn|date=September 2024}}

At that time, the term ''bonkei'' (''penjing'') was not yet used in China or Japan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Marushima |first = Hideo |title = 中国盆景と日本盆栽の呼称の歴史的研究 |trans-title = A Historical Study of Chinese Penjing and Japanese Bonsai Designations |journal = Landscape Research |publisher = Japanese Institute of Landscape Architecture |volume = 60 |issue = 1 |date = 1996–1997 | doi = 10.5632/jila.60.36 |doi-access = free }}</ref> Instead, the term ''penchi'' ({{lang|ch|盆池}}, {{lit|pond in a tray|lk=yes}}) was used in the Tang Dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book |last = Li |first = Shuhua |title = 中国盆景に関する文化史及び技術史的考察 |trans-title = A Cultural and Technological Historical Study of the Chinese Pengjing |date = 1997 |doi = 10.11501/3128538 |page = 116 |publisher = 京都大学 }}</ref> ''Penchi'' is a water tray in which water plants such as lotus and rice are planted.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

In Japan, the term ''kazan'' ({{lang|ja|仮山}}, {{lit|artificial mountain|lk=yes}}, later ''bonsan'') was used. In Japan's [[Shōsōin]], an incomplete specimen of a ''kazan'', in which modeled beaches and mountains fashioned from wood are decorated with small trees of silver metal, can be found today. A miniature lotus pond made of wood and gilt bronze has also been handed down in the Shōsōin. In this way, there were already ''bonsan''-like works in Japan during the [[Nara period]] (710-794), in which natural scenery was represented in a reduced scale.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Kitano |first = Masao |title = 眼痴のはなし |trans-title = Ganchi's story |magazine = Art News |issue = 5 |publisher = Osaka City Museum of Art Friends Association |date = November 1952 |pages = 9–10 |doi = 10.11501/8099997 }}</ref>

[[File:Suhama (ancestral form of bonsai).jpg|thumb|alt=Suhama|''Suhama''. From "Amusements at Higashiyama in Kyoto" (17th century).]]
In the [[Heian period]] (794-1185), ''suhama'' ({{lang|ja|洲浜}}, {{lit|Intricate beach|lk=yes}}), which expressed a beautiful landscape with plants and trees (often made of artificial materials) and accessories to match the title of a waka poem, were exhibited at poetry contests and competed with each other.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last = Moriya |first = Takeshi |title = 島台 |trans-title = Shimadai |magazine = Japan Arts and Crafts |issue = 497 |publisher = Nihon Bijutsu Kogeisha |date = February 1980 |doi = 10.11501/2281354 |page = 93}}</ref> ''Suhama'' is similar to ''bonkei'', but expresses a uniquely Japanese scene of white sand and green pine trees on a tray with legs that imitate a sandy beach. Later, it came to be called ''shimadai'' ({{lang|ja|島台}}, {{lit|island tray|lk=yes}}), and has been passed down to the present as a wedding ornament.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Kasuga Gongen Genki E.jpg|thumb|Bonkei depicted in "Kasuga Gongen Genki E," 1309]]
In the [[History of Japan|medieval period]], recognizable bonsai were portrayed in [[handscroll]] paintings like the ''[[Ippen Shōnin Eden]]'' ({{lang|ja|一遍上人絵伝}}, 1299).<ref name="Kobayashi 2011 15">{{cite book|last=Kobayashi| first=Konio|title=Bonsai|year=2011| publisher=PIE International Inc. | location=Tokyo|isbn=978-4-7562-4094-1| page=15}}</ref> The 1195 scroll ''Saigyo Monogatari Emaki'' ({{lang|ja|西行物語絵巻}} is the earliest known to depict dwarfed potted trees in Japan. Wooden tray and dish-like pots with dwarf landscapes on modern-looking wooden shelves also appear in the 1309 ''[[Kasuga Gongen Genki E]]'' ({{lang|ja|春日権現験記絵}}, Legends of [[Kasuga Shrine]]) scroll. Dwarf trees displayed on short poles are portrayed in the 1351 ''Boki Ekotoba'' scroll.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Paintings/Japanto1600.html  |title= Japanese Paintings: to 1600 |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2010-04-07}}</ref> Several other scrolls and paintings also include depictions of these kinds of trees.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

A close relationship between Japan's [[Zen|Zen Buddhism]] and the potted trees began to shape bonsai reputation and aesthetics, which were introduced to Japan from China. In this period, Chinese [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]] (pronounced "Zen" in Japanese) [[Bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] taught at Japan's monasteries. One of the monks' activities was to introduce political leaders to various arts of miniature landscapes as admirable accomplishments for men of taste and learning.<ref name="The Japanese Art of Stone Appreciation, Suiseki and Its Use with Bonsai">{{cite book |author1=Covello, Vincent T.  |author2=Yuji Yoshimura  |name-list-style=amp| title=The Japanese Art of Stone Appreciation, Suiseki and Its Use with Bonsai  | publisher=Charles E. Tuttle | year=1984 | page=20}}</ref><ref name="Nippon Bonsai Association, pg. 144">{{cite book | author= Nippon Bonsai Association | title=Classic Bonsai of Japan|page= 144}}</ref> Potted landscape arrangements up to this period included miniature figurines after the Chinese fashion. Japanese artists eventually adopted a simpler style for bonsai, increasing focus on the tree by removing miniatures and other decorations, and using smaller, plainer pots.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.artofbonsai.org/feature_articles/mudman.php |author=Redding, Myron |title=Art of the Mud Man |publisher=Art of Bonsai |access-date=2010-04-07 |archive-date=2010-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225032423/http://www.artofbonsai.org/feature_articles/mudman.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==={{nihongo|||Hachi no ki}}===
[[File:Bonsai, "Sandai Shogun".jpg|thumb|Japanese white pine, "Sandai Shogun" (The Third Shogun), approximately 550 years old, Imperial Collection, 1938]]
Around the 14th century, the term for dwarf potted trees was {{nihongo|"the bowl's tree"|鉢の木|hachi no ki}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/HachiNoKi.html  |title= Hachi-No-Ki |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes | access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> This indicated use of a fairly deep pot rather than the shallow pot denoted by the eventual term ''bonsai''. {{nihongo3|''The Potted Trees''||Hachi no Ki}} is also the title of a circa 1383 [[noh]] play by [[Zeami Motokiyo]], based on a story about an impoverished [[samurai]] who burns his last three potted trees as firewood to warm a traveling monk. The monk is a disguised official who later rewards the samurai for his actions. In later centuries, [[Woodblock printing in Japan|woodblock]] prints by several artists depicted this popular drama. There was even a fabric design of the same name. Through these and other popular media, bonsai became known to a broad Japanese population.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

[[Bonsai cultivation and care|Bonsai cultivation]] reached a high level of expertise in this period. Bonsai dating to the 17th century have survived to the present. One of the oldest-known living bonsai trees, considered one of the [[National Treasure (Japan)|National Treasures of Japan]], can be seen in the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace]] collection.<ref name="Bonsai Techniques II"/> A five-needle pine (''[[Pinus parviflora|Pinus pentaphylla]]'' var. ''negishi'') known as ''Sandai Shogun'' ({{lang|ja|三代将軍}}, the third [[shogun]]) is documented as having been cared for by [[Tokugawa Iemitsu]].<ref name="Bonsai Techniques II"/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.bonsaiempire.com/blog/oldest-bonsai-trees |title= Oldest Bonsai trees |publisher=Bonsai Empire |access-date=2013-11-11}}</ref> The tree is thought to be at least 500 years old and was trained as a bonsai by 1610.<ref name="Bonsai Techniques II">{{cite book | last=Naka | first=John Yoshio | title= Bonsai Techniques II | publisher=Bonsai Institute of California| year= 1982| page=258}}</ref>

By the end of the 18th century, bonsai cultivation in Japan was becoming widespread and began to interest the general public. In the [[Tenmei|Tenmei era]] (1781–88), an exhibit of traditional dwarf potted pines began to be held every year in [[Kyoto]]. Connoisseurs from five provinces and neighboring areas would bring one or two plants each to the show in order to submit them to visitors for ranking.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite book | author= Nippon Bonsai Association | title=Classic Bonsai of Japan|pages= 151–152}}</ref>

===Classical period===
[[File:Mustard Seed Garden 1st set1.JPG|thumb|Depicting foliage in the ''[[Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden]]''. This work had a large influence on bonsai during the Edo period.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warren |first1=Peter |title=Bonsai |date=2014 |publisher=Dorling Kindersley |isbn=978-1-4093-4408-7 |pages=10–11 |quote=The elite class of monks, scholars, and artists took a slightly different path during the Edo period, [...] One of the biggest influences for the literati artists was the Mustard Seed Garden Manual (Jieziyuan Huazhuan), first published in 1679, which showed how to paint the idealized images. The same images were then recreated in tree form by literati, who were also bonsai enthusiasts.}}</ref>]]

In Japan after 1800, bonsai began to move from being the esoteric practice of a few specialists to becoming a widely popular art form and hobby. In [[Itami, Hyōgo]], Japanese scholars of Chinese arts gathered in the early 19th century to discuss recent styles in the art of miniature trees. Many terms and concepts adopted by this group were derived from the {{transliteration|ch|[[Jieziyuan Huazhuan]]}} (''Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden'' in English; {{nihongo|||Kai-shi-en Gaden}} in Japanese).<ref name=autogenerated23>{{cite book | author= Koreshoff | title=Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy| pages = 7–8}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Naka, John | title= Bunjin-Gi or Bunjin Bonsai |journal=Bonsai in California |year=1989| volume=23| page=48 }}</ref> The Japanese version of potted trees, which had been previously called {{nihongo|||hachiue}} or other terms, were renamed ''bonsai''. This word connoted a shallow container, not a deeper bowl style.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/HachiNoKi.html | title= Hachi-No-Ki | publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes | access-date=2018-07-01}}</ref> The term "bonsai", however, would not become broadly used in describing Japan's dwarf potted trees for nearly a century.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

The popularity of bonsai began to grow outside the limited scope of scholars and the nobility. On October 13, 1868, the [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji Emperor]] moved to his new capital in [[Tokyo]]. Bonsai were displayed both inside and outside Meiji Palace, and those placed in the grand setting of the [[Tokyo Imperial Palace|Imperial Palace]] had to be "Giant Bonsai", large enough to fill the grand space.<ref name="Yamada, 2005">{{cite journal | author= Yamada, Tomio | title= Fundamentals of Wiring Bonsai |journal=International Bonsai |year=2005| number=4| pages=10–11 }}</ref><ref name="Hill, Warren 2000 5">{{cite journal | author= Hill, Warren | title= Reflections on Japan |journal= NBF Bulletin |year=2000| volume=XI| page=5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bonsai-wbff.org/shimpaku/shim2.shtml |author=Yamanaka, Kazuki |title=The Shimpaku Juniper: Its Secret History, Chapter II. First Shimpaku: Ishizuchi Shimpaku |publisher=World Bonsai Friendship Federation |access-date=2011-09-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222214527/http://www.bonsai-wbff.org/shimpaku/shim2.shtml |archive-date=February 22, 2008 }}</ref> The Meiji Emperor encouraged interest in bonsai, which broadened its importance and appeal to his government's professional staff.<ref name=autogenerated21>{{cite book | author= Nozaki | title= Dwarf Trees ( Bonsai )|page= 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Itoh, Yoshimi | title= Bonsai Origins |journal= ABS Bonsai Journal |year=1969| volume=3 | number=1| page=3 }}</ref>

New books, magazines, and public exhibitions made bonsai more accessible to the Japanese populace. An Artistic Bonsai Concours was held in Tokyo in 1892, followed by publication of a three-volume commemorative picture book. This event demonstrated a new tendency to see bonsai as an independent art form.<ref name=autogenerated17>{{cite book | author= Nippon Bonsai Association | title=Classic Bonsai of Japan|page= 153}}</ref> In 1903, the Tokyo association Jurakukai held showings of bonsai and [[ikebana]] at two Japanese-style restaurants. In 1906, ''Bonsai Gaho'' became the first monthly magazine on the subject.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Magazines.html |title= Bonsai and Other Magical Miniature Landscape Specialty Magazines, Part 1 |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> It was followed by ''Toyo Engei'' and ''Hana'' in 1907.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kobayashi|first=Konio|title=Bonsai|year=2011|publisher=PIE International Inc.|location=Tokyo|isbn=978-4-7562-4094-1|page=16}}</ref> The initial issue of ''Bonsai'' magazine was published in 1921, and this influential periodical ran for 518 consecutive issues.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

[[File:Bonsai tools.jpg|thumb|left|260px|Modern bonsai tools (<small>left to right</small>): leaf trimmer; rake with spatula; root hook; [[coir]] brush; concave cutter; knob cutter; wire cutter; small, medium, and large shears]]
Bonsai shaping aesthetics, techniques, and tools became increasingly sophisticated as bonsai popularity grew in Japan. In 1910, shaping with wire rather than the older string, rope, and burlap techniques, appeared in the Sanyu-en Bonsai-Dan (History of Bonsai in the Sanyu nursery). [[Hot-dip galvanization|Zinc-galvanized]] steel wire was initially used. Expensive [[copper]] wire was used only for selected trees that had real potential.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.magiminiland.org/Books/19001949.html |title= The Books on Bonsai and Related Arts, 1900 - 1949  |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author= Yamada, Tomio | title=Fundamentals of Wiring Bonsai | journal=International Bonsai |year=2005| number=4| page=10}}</ref> In the 1920s and 1930s, toolsmith Masakuni I (1880–1950) helped design and produce the first steel tools specifically made for the developing requirements of bonsai styling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/KMurata.html#MasakuniI  |title= Kyuzo Murata, the Father of Modern Bonsai in Japan, Part 1 |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> This included the concave cutter, a branch cutter designed to leave a shallow indentation on the trunk when a branch was removed. Properly treated, this indentation would fill over with live tree tissue and bark over time, greatly reducing or eliminating the usual pruning scar.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Prior to [[World War II]], international interest in bonsai was fueled by increased trade in trees and the appearance of books in popular foreign languages. By 1914, the first national annual bonsai show was held (an event repeated annually through 1933) in Tokyo's [[Hibiya Park]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ipbUA13CHoC&q=dwarf+potted+tree+%2BTokugawa&pg=PA168 | author= ((Terry, Thomas Philip, F.R.G.S.)) |title= Terry's Japanese Empire  | year= 1914 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Company | page=168 |access-date=2010-04-07}}</ref><ref name="Bonsai Basics, A Step-by-Step Guide to Growing, Training & General Care">{{cite book |author1=Pessy, Christian  |author2=Rémy Samson  |name-list-style=amp| title=Bonsai Basics, A Step-by-Step Guide to Growing, Training & General Care  | publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. | year=1992 | page=17}}</ref> Another great annual public exhibition of trees began in 1927 at the Asahi Newspaper Hall in Tokyo.<ref name=autogenerated5>{{cite book | author= Koreshoff | title=Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy| page = 10}}</ref> Beginning in 1934, the prestigious Kokufu-ten annual exhibitions were held in Tokyo's [[Ueno Park]].<ref name="Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows">{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Days/Kokufuten.html  |title= Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows, Part 1 |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-16}}</ref> The first major book on the subject in English was published in the Japanese capital: ''Dwarf Trees (Bonsai)'' by Shinobu Nozaki.<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite book | author= Nozaki | title= Dwarf Trees ( Bonsai )|pages= 6, 96}}</ref>

By 1940, about 300 bonsai dealers worked in Tokyo. Some 150 species of trees were being cultivated, and thousands of specimens were shipped annually to Europe and America. The first bonsai nurseries and clubs in the Americas were started by first and second-generation Japanese immigrants. Though this progress to international markets and enthusiasts was interrupted by the war, by the 1940s bonsai had become an art form of international interest and involvement.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

[[File:JBP Kotobuki.jpg|thumb|[[Pinus thunbergii|Japanese black pine]] var. 'Kotobuki' as bonsai. This tree is over 65 years old and prized for its flaky bark and very short needles.]]

===Modern bonsai===
[[File:Bonsai Japanski javor na izložbi u Čakovcu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Acer palmatum|Japanese maple]] (''Acer palmatum'') at an exhibition in [[Croatia]], 2022]]
[[File:Korean Hornbeam.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carpinus turczaninovii|Korean hornbeam]] (''Carpinus turczaninovii'') in winter, an award winner at the 97th Kokufu-ten bonsai exhibition in [[Tokyo]], 2023]]
Following World War II, several trends made the Japanese tradition of bonsai increasingly accessible to Western and world audiences. One key trend was the increase in the number, scope, and prominence of bonsai exhibitions. For example, the Kokufu-ten bonsai displays reappeared in 1947 after a four-year cancellation and became annual affairs. These displays continue to this day and are by invitation only for eight days in February.<ref name="Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows"/> In October 1964, a great exhibition was held in Hibya Park by the private Kokufu Bonsai Association, reorganized into the Nippon Bonsai Association, to mark the 1964 [[1964 Summer Olympics|Tokyo Olympics]].{{cn|date=September 2024}}

A large display of bonsai and [[suiseki]] was held as part of [[Expo '70]], and formal discussion was made of an international association of enthusiasts. In 1975, the first gafu-ten (elegant-style exhibit) of ''shohin'' bonsai (13–25&nbsp;cm or 5–10&nbsp;in tall) was held. So was the first sakufu-ten (creative bonsai exhibit), the only event in which professional bonsai growers exhibit traditional trees under their own names rather than under the name of the owner.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The first World Bonsai Convention was held in Osaka during the World Bonsai and Suiseki Exhibition in 1980.<ref name="Bonsai Book of Days for April">{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Days/DaysApr.html |title= Bonsai Book of Days for April |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |accessdate=2016-09-13}}</ref> Nine years later, a series of World Bonsai Conventions was launched by the newly-formed World Bonsai Friendship Federation (WBFF) in Omiya. These conventions attracted several hundreds of participants from dozens of countries and have since been held every four years at different locations around the globe: 1993, [[Orlando, Florida]]; 1997, [[Seoul, Korea]]; 2001, [[Munich, Germany]]; 2005, [[Washington, D.C.]]; 2009, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]]; 2013, Jitan, [[Jiangsu, China]]; 2017, [[Saitama, Saitama]], Japan; and 2022's virtual convention in [[Perth, Australia]], which replaced the one originally scheduled a year earlier but was postponed because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Conventions3b.html |title= The Conventions |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |accessdate=2023-01-14}}</ref> Currently, Japan continues to host regular exhibitions with the world's largest numbers of bonsai specimens and the highest recognized specimen quality.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

Another key trend was the increase in books on bonsai and related arts, being published for the first time in English and other languages for audiences outside of Japan. In 1952, [[Yuji Yoshimura]], the son of a Japanese bonsai community leader, collaborated with German diplomat and author Alfred Koehn to give bonsai demonstrations. Koehn had been an enthusiast before the war, and his 1937 book ''Japanese Tray Landscapes'' had been published in English in [[Beijing]]. Yoshimura's 1957 book ''The Art of Bonsai'', written in English with his student Giovanna M. Halford, went on to be called the "classic Japanese bonsai bible for westerners" with over thirty printings.<ref name=autogenerated24>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/YY.html  |title= Yuji Yoshimura, the Father of Popular Bonsai in the Non-Oriental World  |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>

[[File:NCArboretum Bonsai-27527-1.jpg|thumb|Multi-species saikei, named ''Roan Mountain,'' contains Shimpaku juniper and Zakura azalea.]]
The related art of [[saikei]] was introduced to English-speaking audiences in 1963 in Kawamoto and Kurihara's book ''Bonsai-Saikei''. This book describes tray landscapes made with younger plant material than was traditionally used in bonsai, providing an alternative to the use of large, older plants, few of which had escaped war damage.

A third trend was the increasing availability of expert bonsai training, at first only in Japan, and then more widely. In 1967, the first group of Westerners studied at an Ōmiya nursery. Returning to the U.S., they established the American Bonsai Society. Other groups and individuals from outside Asia then visited and studied at the various Japanese nurseries, occasionally even apprenticing under the masters. These visitors brought back to their local clubs the latest techniques and styles, which were then further disseminated. Japanese teachers also traveled widely, bringing hands-on bonsai expertise to all six continents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/SK.html |title= Saburō Katō, International Bridge-builder, His Heritage and Legacy, Part 1 |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>

The final trend supporting world involvement in bonsai is the widening availability of specialized bonsai plant stock, soil components, tools, pots, and other accessory items. Bonsai nurseries in Japan advertise and ship specimen bonsai worldwide. Most countries have local nurseries providing plant stock as well. Japanese bonsai soil components, such as [[Akadama]] clay, are available worldwide, and suppliers also provide similar local materials in many locations. Specialized bonsai tools are widely available from Japanese and Chinese sources. Potters around the globe provide material to hobbyists and specialists in many countries.<ref name="About Bonsai Pots and Potters">{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/BigPicture/Pots.html |title= About Bonsai Pots and Potters |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref>

Bonsai has now reached a worldwide audience. There are over fourteen hundred books on bonsai and the related arts in at least twenty-eight languages available in over one-hundred-and-ten countries and territories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Books/Books.html |title= The Books on Bonsai and Related Arts |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |accessdate=2023-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/BigPicture/Nations.html |title= The Nations -- When Did Bonsai Come to the Various Countries and Territories? |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |accessdate=2023-01-14}}</ref> A few dozen magazines in over thirteen languages are in print. Several score of club newsletters are available online, and there are at least that many discussion forums and blogs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/Newsletters.html |title= Club Newsletter On-Line |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> There are at least a hundred thousand enthusiasts in some fifteen hundred clubs and associations worldwide, as well as over five million unassociated hobbyists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.magiminiland.org/BigPicture/Census.html |title= How Many Bonsai Enthusiasts Are There? |publisher=Magical Miniature Landscapes |access-date=2016-09-13}}</ref> Plant material from every location is being trained into bonsai and displayed at local, regional, national, and international conventions and exhibitions for enthusiasts and the general public.{{cn|date=September 2024}}