Editing Bonaventure (section)

==Life==
He was born at [[Civita di Bagnoregio]], not far from [[Viterbo]], then part of the [[Papal States]]. Almost nothing is known of his childhood, other than the names of his parents, Giovanni di Fidanza and Maria di Ritella.<ref>Robinson, Paschal (1907). "[[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Bonaventure|St. Bonaventure"]]. In ''Catholic Encyclopedia''. '''2'''. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hammond|first1=Jay M.|editor1-last=Marthaler|editor1-first=Bernard L.|title=[[New Catholic Encyclopedia]]|date=2003|publisher=Thomson/Gale in association with the [[Catholic University of America]]|location=Detroit|isbn=0-7876-4006-9|volume=2|page=479|edition=2nd.|chapter=Bonaventure, St.}}</ref> Bonaventure reports that in his youth he was saved from an untimely death by the prayers of [[Francis of Assisi]], which is the primary motivation for Bonaventure's writing the ''vita''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bonaventure |title=The Life of Saint Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/lifesaintfranci02bonagoog |date=1904 |publisher=J. M. Dent and Co. |location=London |page=prol. 3}}</ref>

He entered the [[Franciscan Order]] in 1243 and studied at the [[University of Paris]], possibly under [[Alexander of Hales]], and certainly under Alexander's successor, [[John of Rochelle]].<ref name="EB1911">Adamson, Robert (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bonaventura, Saint|Bonaventura, Saint]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''4.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 197-198.</ref> In 1253 he held the Franciscan chair at Paris. A dispute between seculars and mendicants delayed his reception as Master until 1257, where his degree was taken in friendship with [[Thomas Aquinas]].<ref name=Medieval999>{{cite book|last=Knowles|first=David|title=The Evolution of Medieval Thought|edition=2nd|publisher=Longman Group|location=Edinburgh Gate|year=1988|isbn=978-0-394-70246-9|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0394702468}}</ref> Bonaventure also met and was a friend of the cardinal [[Hugh of Saint-Cher]],<ref>[[Taddeo di Bartolo]], ''Thomas exposes the Corpus Christi liturgy to Urban IV'', 1403, MusArt Philadelphia. Inspired by the panel by [[Ugolino di Prete Ilario]] in  Corporal Chapel of the [[Cathedral of Orvieto]] (1357), which was derived from the tile in the reliquary of [[Ugolino di Vieri]] (1338). Cf. {{Cite book|author=Manglaviti, Silvio|title=SAN TOMMASO D'AQUINO AD ORVIETO COLONNA TEOLOGICA DI PAPA URBANO IV NELL'ISTITUZIONE DEL CORPUS DOMINI|website=[[Academia.edu]]|access-date=2025-04-01|page=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/44967594}}. In 1250 Bonaventura pronounced the ''Sermo de Santissimo Corpore Christi'' in Germany, which [[Pope Urban IV]] also made him preach at the Consistory of [[Orvieto]] (1264).</ref> from whom he was influenced.<ref>On the Commentary on the Gospel of St. Luke, Bonaventure has only four scripture citations in common with Hugh of St. Cher: Isaiah 58:7; John 14:2;. Proverbs 9:1; Matthew 21:13. Twenty ''distinctiones'' (of a total of thirty-six) were adapated from Hugh of St. Cher's commentary. Cf. {{cite journal|author=Robert J. Karris|title=St. Bonaventure use of distinctiones: his independence of and dependence on Hugh of St. Cher|journal=Franciscan Studies|volume=60|year=2002|pages=209–250|publisher=St. Bonaventure University - Franciscan Institute Publications|doi=10.1353/frc.2002.0013 |jstor=41975302|oclc=5183714551}}</ref>

Three years earlier his fame had earned him the position of lecturer on ''[[Sentences|The Four Books of Sentences]]''—a book of theology written by [[Peter Lombard]] in the twelfth century—and in 1255 he received the degree of master, the medieval equivalent of doctor.<ref name=EB1911/>

After having successfully defended his order against the reproaches of the anti-[[Mendicant orders|mendicant]] party, he was elected Minister General of the Franciscan Order. On 24 November 1265, he was selected for the post of [[Archbishop of York]]; however, he was never [[consecrated]] and resigned the appointment in October 1266.<ref name=Handbook282>{{cite book |author1=Fryde, E. B. |author2=Greenway, D. E. |author3=Porter, S. |author4=Roy, I. |title=Handbook of British Chronology|edition=3rd|publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1996 |isbn=0-521-56350-X|pages=282 }}</ref>

During his tenure, the General Chapter of Narbonne, held in 1260, promulgated a decree prohibiting the publication of any work out of the order without permission from superiors. This prohibition has induced modern writers to pass severe judgment upon [[Roger Bacon]]'s superiors, who were assumed to be envious of Bacon's abilities. However, the prohibition enjoined on Bacon was a general one, which extended to the whole order. Its promulgation was not directed against him, but rather against [[Gerard of Borgo San Donnino]]. In 1254 Gerard had published without permission a work, ''Introductorius in Evangelium æternum'' (''An Introduction to the Eternal Gospel'') that was judged heretical within a year. Thereupon the General Chapter of Narbonne promulgated their decree, identical with the "constitutio gravis in contrarium" Bacon speaks of. The prohibition was rescinded in Roger's favor unexpectedly in 1266.<ref name=witzel>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13111b.htm |last=Witzel |first=Theophilus |title=Roger Bacon |encyclopedia=The Catholic Encyclopedia|volume=13 |location=New York |publisher=Robert Appleton Company |year=1912 |access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

[[File:Coat of arms of Saint Bonvanture.svg|200px|thumb|right|Bonaventure's coat of arms of Cardinal Bishop of Albano]]

Bonaventure was instrumental in procuring the election of [[Pope Gregory X]], who rewarded him with the title of [[Cardinal Bishop]] of [[Roman Catholic Suburbicarian Diocese of Albano|Albano]], and insisted on his presence at the great [[Second Council of Lyon]] in 1274.<ref name=EB1911/> There, after his significant contributions led to a union of the Greek and Latin churches, Bonaventure died suddenly and under suspicious circumstances. The 1913 edition of the ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]'' has citations that suggest he was poisoned, but no mention is made of this in the 2003 second edition of the [[New Catholic Encyclopedia]].

He steered the Franciscans on a moderate and intellectual course that made them the most prominent order in the Catholic Church until the coming of the Jesuits. His theology was marked by an attempt completely to integrate faith and reason. He thought of Christ as the "one true master" who offers humans knowledge that begins in faith, is developed through rational understanding, and is perfected by mystical union with God.<ref name=noone>{{Cite web|url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2010/entries/bonaventure/|title=Saint Bonaventure|first1=Tim|last1=Noone|first2=R. E.|last2=Houser|website=plato.stanford.edu|date=2010 }}</ref>

===Relics===
In the year 1434, 160 years after his death, his body was moved to a new church that was considered more fitting. Upon doing so, the head was found to be entirely incorrupt. "The hair, lips, teeth, and tongue were perfectly preserved and retained their natural colour. The people of Lyon were profoundly affected by this miracle, and they chose Bonaventure for the patron of their city. The movement, already afoot, to obtain his canonization received thereby a new and powerful impetus."  However, a century later in 1562, the city of Lyon was captured by [[Huguenots]], who burned Bonaventure's body in the public square. In the 19th century, during the "[[dechristianization of France during the French Revolution|dechristianization of France]]" during the French Revolution, the urn containing the incorrupt head was hidden, after which the church was razed to the ground. The urn has never been recovered.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Costelloe |first1=Laurence |title=Saint Bonaventure |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/33448/33448-h/33448-h.htm |website=Project Gutenberg |access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> The only extant relic of Bonaventure is the arm and hand with which he wrote his ''Commentary on the Sentences'', which is now conserved at Bagnoregio, in the parish church of St. Nicholas.<ref>{{cite book |author=Laurence Costelloe |publisher=Longmans, Green & Company |year=1911 |url=https://archive.org/details/saintbonaventur00costgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/saintbonaventur00costgoog/page/n76 54] |title=Saint Bonaventure: The Seraphic Doctor, Minister-general of the Franciscan Order, Cardinal Bishop of Albano}}</ref>