Editing Blandford, Massachusetts (section)

== History ==

Blandford was first settled in 1735 primarily by [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish]] settlers and was officially incorporated on November 10, 1741. Because of these Scots-Irish families, Blandford was originally called "New Glasgow" after [[Glasgow]], Scotland, but was renamed "Blandford" at the time of incorporation. While the petition of incorporation from the settlers asked that the town be named "Glascow" (as misspelled in source document), [[William Shirley]], the newly appointed governor of the [[province of Massachusetts]], ignored their request and named the town "Blandford" after the [[HMS Blandford (1720)|ship that brought him from England]].,<ref name="ReferenceA">''History of the Connecticut Valley'' (1879) pp. 1074-1081</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 17, 2021|title=HMS Blandford|url=https://www.theblandfordexpress.com/2021/04/hms-blandford.html|website=theblandfordexpress.com|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theblandfordexpress.com%2F2021%2F04%2Fhms-blandford.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url|archive-date=January 13, 2025}}</ref>

The name change came at a cost to the townspeople. The people of Glasgow, Scotland, had promised the settlers a gift of a church bell if they named the town after their city. With the town now named Blandford, the bell was never sent.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Today, Glasgow Road near the center of Blandford is a silent reminder of these events.

Settlement came to Blandford and other "hilltowns" some 75 years after the more fertile alluvial lowlands along the [[Connecticut River]] were cultivated with tobacco and other [[commodity crop]]s. In contrast, farming in the hilltowns was of a hardscrabble subsistence nature due to thin, rocky soil following [[Pleistocene]] glaciation and a slightly cooler climate, although upland fields were sometimes less subject to unseasonal frosts. Initial settlement in the nearby [[Pioneer Valley]] was by English [[Puritan]]s, whereas Blandford's Scots-Irish settlers were [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]], and their English was still somewhat influenced by [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]]. Thus there were significant ethnic, religious, economic, and linguistic differences between these adjacent regions of settlement.

Hugh Black was the first settler to arrive in the fall of 1735. James Baird came shortly thereafter. After these two arrived, several other families soon followed, including Reed, McClintock, Taggart, Brown, Anderson, Hamilton, Wells, Blair, Stewart, Montgomery, Boies, Ferguson, Campbell, Wilson, Sennett, Young, Knox and Gibbs. Most of these families first settled in [[Hopkinton, Massachusetts]], in 1727 before coming to Blandford.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

But not all of these families were Scots-Irish. For example, the Boies was a family of French origin, originally named Du Bois, who were prominent during the reign of [[Louis XIV]]. They were driven from France during the [[Huguenot rebellions|Huguenot persecutions]] to the [[Northern Ireland|northern part of Ireland]]. In Ireland the spelling of their name changed from Du Bois to the Boies before descendants of the family eventually migrated to the United States and settled in Blandford.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The first meeting house (used both as a church and for town government meetings) was erected in 1740, paid for by certain men—Jacob Lawton, Francis Wells, John Faye, and Francis Brindley (referred to as the proprietors)—who owned the land sold to the settlers. The agreement to build it stipulated that it should have glass windows, though those were not supplied until 12 years later. For 13 years the building had no floor except for a few loose boards, the earth and rocks. The seats were blocks, boards and common benches. The pulpit was nothing but a square box. In 1759 it was voted "to make a pulpit for the minister and to build seats". In 1786 the house was first plastered. It was not until 1805, 65 years after it was commenced, that the meeting house was completed.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

In keeping with its Scottish heritage, the church was originally Presbyterian, unlike the [[Congregational church]]es that were in most new settlements. Its first pastor was William McClenathan, 1744 to 1747. But the roots of the church were said to have dated back to 1735, when in Hopkinton the settlers then preparing to move to Blandford created "the religious organization which flourished contemporaneously with the early settlement in the wilderness."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

[[King George's War]] (1744–1748; third of the four French & Indian Wars) led to conflict between the settlers and local [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]]. In 1744 four garrisons were built due to growing tension and fears of the settlers. In 1746, Rev. William McClenathan went to [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]] and Adam Knox went to [[Northampton, Massachusetts|Northampton]] to procure soldiers. The tense situation extended into 1749. In spring, the settlers, except for four families, fled to neighboring towns. Upon returning in the fall the townspeople built three new forts. These forts were used through 1750 as a place for common shelter at night, and settlers went armed to their work and church. Fortunately no serious confrontations appear to have occurred between the settlers and the Natives in this period.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

The settlers were so poor that they frequently asked for assistance from the men that had sold them their land, and often petitioned the General Court for money grants and remission of taxes. Among the various forms of relief provided, the court once gave 40 bushels of salt to the town.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

But the townspeople also found relief in other ways. In 1757, due to a conflict between Rev. Morton and the town, a church council meeting was held. The town agreed to pay the tavern owned by Mr. Root where the meeting was held for "Each Meal of Vittles", lodging and "the strong Drink that the Council drink while they are Hear on our Business."<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

"Strong drink" was apparently not confined to just church council meetings. At town-meetings those attending frequently took a recess of an hour for the purpose of refreshing themselves at the tavern. Tradition says that in those times the man who could drink the most and walk the straightest was a hero. And family gatherings were noted as typically having a liberal standing supply. Along with other parts of the country, by 1840 drinking alcoholic beverages had fallen out of favor and total [[teetotalism|abstinence]] took hold "more or less" in Blandford.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
[[File:A Pure Morning in Blandford, Massachusetts USA.jpg|thumb|A grass field in the morning on a farm built around 1787 in Blandford, Massachusetts still cultivated for hay in 2021.]]
While alcohol may have been common, attitudes toward religion were very traditional. The leaders of the Presbyterian church music were chosen at town meetings and were encouraged to conduct it in "the good old way". In 1771 the question was raised whether the singing should be carried on with the beat and was rejected. Caleb Taylor, of [[Westfield, Massachusetts|Westfield]], was the first singing-master, and when he named the tune and sang with the beat, many were so shocked at what they termed the "indecency of the method" that they left the church.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Eventually the community decided to leave behind the suggestive beat of Presbyterian music and converted in 1800 to the more conservative Congregational Church. The reason: "from the inconvenience attending to its first form".<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Blandford was actively involved in the [[American Revolutionary War]], providing both men and material throughout to the American cause. When the first alarm came from [[Lexington, Massachusetts]], in 1775, site of the [[Battle of Lexington]], 36 men from Blandford and the neighboring town of [[Chester, Massachusetts|Chester]] set out, under the command of Captain John Ferguson of Blandford, to assist their fellow patriots.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

During the Revolutionary War, General [[Henry Knox]] led a detachment of troops that hauled [[Noble train of artillery|cannon]] from [[Fort Ticonderoga]] on [[Lake Champlain]] over the Berkshires and through Blandford, eventually on to Boston to bluff the British into withdrawing from the city. His route is now called the [[Henry Knox Trail]].

Blandford was opposed to the [[War of 1812]], and sent Jedediah Smith as a delegate to the Northampton Convention. Approximately 65 men from Blandford served in several regiments in the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], notably the 1st Cavalry and various Massachusetts regiments such as the 27th, 31st, 37th, 46th, among others.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Population density in Blandford and other hilltowns was limited by outmigration by about 1800 as more productive land in [[western New York]] and the [[Northwest Territory]] became available. However, emigrants were typically young men and women, while the older generation and usually one or two children usually remained in place and farms were not yet abandoned. Then the [[Industrial Revolution]] drew additional workers away from hilltown farms, especially after 1850 when [[steam engine]]s fueled by local wood or by coal began to replace water power. Hilltown farms began to be abandoned about this time and slowly reverted to forest, leaving stone walls and cellar holes behind as farm buildings rotted away. In other cases farming became a part-time way of life and industrial wages enabled buying manufactured goods, whereas previously virtually everything used on subsistence farms was homemade or bartered for.

As a result of these factors, by 1880 the population of Blandford had fallen to 979 from 1,418 only 30 years earlier. But even in 1879 Blandford remained an active, if declining, community.

Blandford Center, the site of the early settlements, in 1879 had a population of about 300 with two churches, one hotel, two stores, a post office, a school, fairgrounds and two cemeteries, with a focus on agriculture. Due to poor soils, production of grain was limited and hay the primary crop. Instead of raising crops, farmers purchased large quantities of grain for stock raising and manufactured butter and cheese. Agriculture was noted as having limited profitability.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Three miles away stood North Blandford, once a substantial manufacturing location due to its excellent water power provided by numerous mountain streams. In the 1850s there were several woolen mills, paper mills, tanneries and other manufacturers. By 1879 that had declined which lead to the Waite & Son cattle-card factory, Diamond Cheese Factory, and two small tanneries. In addition, North Blandford had a church, school, two stores, post office and a population of about 300 as well.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Cheese and butter making were important businesses in Blandford throughout the 19th century. Their introduction was attributed to Amos Collins, a Connecticut merchant, who had settled in Blandford in 1807. He was so successful that by the time he left Blandford in 1816, Collins had gained a comfortable fortune.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

By 1879 the town was known to be rich in minerals such as carbonate of lime, chromate of iron, [[steatite]], crystallized [[actinolite]], mamillary [[chalcedony]], [[kyanite]], rose [[quartz]], [[mica]], sulphuret of iron and others. One story was that John Baird discovered lead and silver ore near the north line of town around 1795. Due to a "superstitious belief" he did not pursue his discoveries, did not reveal their location, and the secret died with him. After his death many fruitless efforts were undertaken to try to locate it.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Blandford sits along an important travel corridor. The Eighth Massachusetts Turnpike Association, laid out in 1800, passed through Blandford onto Chester, as did the Eleventh Turnpike Association running from the south line of the state to [[Becket, Massachusetts|Becket]] via the Pittsfield Road.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Today the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]], [[Interstate 90]], bisects the town, although there is no exit.

Not just turnpikes passed through Blandford, so did [[tram|trolleys]]—though briefly. In 1912 electrified street railways (trolley car lines) covered Massachusetts, connecting towns and densely blanketing urban areas like [[Boston]] as in virtually all major American cities. They offered inexpensive, frequent and fast transportation, with some lines that connected urban areas (interurbans) regularly exceeding {{convert|50|mph|abbr=on}}. Thousands and thousands of miles of these lines were built at huge expense over a few decades across the United States but would soon be made obsolete by inexpensive autos, namely the [[Ford Model T]]. By the late 1940s few of these lines remained. Tiny remnants of this once huge network still exist as the street-level portions of [[MBTA subway|the T]], Boston's subway system.<ref name="ReferenceB">''From Boston to the Berkshires – Pictorial Review of Electric Transportation in Massachusetts''. Boston Street Railway Association (1990)</ref>

The last significant line built in Massachusetts, by the Berkshire Street Railway, was from [[East Lee, Massachusetts|East Lee]] to [[Huntington, Massachusetts|Huntington]] via Blandford, opening August 15, 1917. The Berkshire suspended service on this {{convert|24|mi|adj=on}} route in October 1918 for the winter months. It was never reopened when a request for operating subsidies from local communities was rejected. Today, the right of way for this line, including the ties for the rails, the bases of the wooden poles that carried the overhead electric lines, viaducts for carrying the trolleys over streams and gullies, and foundations for its buildings, can still be found in the forest—most easily around North Blandford.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>