Editing Black Swan Records (section)

==History==
Black Swan's parent company, Pace Phonograph Corporation, was founded in March 1921 by [[Harry Pace]] and was based in Harlem.{{Sfn|Weusi,|1996}} The new production company was formed after Pace's music publishing partnership with [[W. C. Handy]], Pace & Handy, had dissolved.{{Sfn|Weusi,|1996}}  Black Swan, which sought to specialize in classical recordings, served as an investment opportunity for the [[Talented Tenth]]. As recognized by Thomas Brothers, "luminaries like [[Jack Nail]] and [[James Weldon Johnson]] served on the Black Swan board of directors", and ''[[The Crisis]]'', the journal then edited by [[W. E. B. Du Bois|W.E.B. Du Bois]], and published by the NAACP, invested its profits in the company.{{Sfn|Brothers,|2014|pp=127–129}}

[[Bert Williams]] was an early investor in Pace Phonograph. Williams also promised to record for the company once his exclusive contract with [[Columbia Records]] ended, but he died before that could occur.

Pace Phonograph Corporation was renamed Black Swan Phonograph Company in the fall of 1922. Both the record label and production company were named after 19th century opera star [[Elizabeth Greenfield]], who was known as the Black Swan.{{Sfn|Brooks,|2004|pp=168–169}}

[[Image:Hes A Darn Good Man Alberta Hunter.jpg|left|thumb|200px|1921 record by [[Alberta Hunter]]]]
Former employees of Pace & Handy staffed the new company: [[Fletcher Henderson]], who functioned as the recording manager, provided piano accompaniment for singers and led a small band for recording sessions. [[William Grant Still]] was named arranger and later musical director.{{Sfn|Brooks,|2004|pp=168–169}} Ads for Black Swan often ran in ''The Crisis''.{{Sfn|''Crisis'', November|1922|p=44}}

Black Swan proved moderately successful. It recorded African American musicians, but as the label grew in popularity, Pace believed competing white-owned labels such as Columbia Records sought to "obstruct the progress and curtail the popularity of Black Swan Records".{{Sfn|''Dallas Express'', January 14,|1922|p=1}} Although advertising for Black Swan Records claimed all its musicians and employees were African American, it sometimes used white musicians to back some of its singers.

The production company declared [[bankruptcy]] in December 1923, and in March 1924 [[Paramount Records]] bought the Black Swan label. ''[[The Chicago Defender]]'' reported the event by detailing important accomplishments of Black Swan in a short career span, including: pointed out—to the major, all white-owned, record companies—the significant market demand for black artists; prompted several major companies to begin publishing music by these performers. In addition, the Defender credited Pace with showing the majors how to target black audiences and to advertise in black newspapers. Paramount discontinued the Black Swan label a short time later.

The Black Swan label was revived in the 1990s for a series of CD reissues of historic jazz and blues recordings originally issued on Black Swan and Paramount. These CDs were issued by [[George H. Buck Jr.|George H. Buck Jr's]] Jazzology and GHB labels under the control of the [[George H. Buck Jr. Jazz Foundation]], which gained rights to the Paramount back-catalogue but not the Paramount name. Rights to the name "Black Swan Records" were also transferred to GHB.