Editing Black Forest (section)

== History ==
[[File:Part of Tabula Peutingeriana centered around present day Black Forest.jpg|thumb|The Black Forest on the {{Lang|la|[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]}}: a mountain chain with fantastically formed trees as a symbol of an unsettled and virtually inaccessible terrain]]
[[File:Schwarzwaelder Bauernhaus um 1900.jpg|thumb|[[Black Forest farmhouse]], 1898]]
[[File:Schwarzwaelderin in Tracht um 1900.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|An unmarried Black Forest woman wearing a red {{lang|de|[[Bollenhut]]}}, 1898]]
In ancient times, the Black Forest was known as {{lang|la|[[Abnoba mons]]}}, after the Celtic deity, [[Abnoba]]. In Roman times ([[Late antiquity]]), it was given the name {{lang|la|Silva Marciana}} ("Marcynian Forest", from the Germanic word ''marka'', "border").<ref>[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]; [[Ammianus Marcellinus]] 21, 8, 2;</ref> The Black Forest probably represented the border area of the [[Marcomanni]] ("border people") who were settled east of the Roman {{lang|la|[[Limes (Roman Empire)|limes]]}}. They, in turn, were part of the Germanic tribe of [[Suebi]], who subsequently gave their name to the historic state of [[Swabia]]. With the exception of Roman settlements on the perimeter (e.g. the baths in Badenweiler, and mines near [[Badenweiler]] and [[Sulzburg]]) and the construction of the Roman road of [[Kinzig (Rhine)|Kinzigtalstraße]], the colonization of the Black Forest was not carried out by the Romans but by the [[Alemanni]]. They settled and first colonized the valleys, crossing the old settlement boundary, the so-called "red sandstone border", for example, from the region of [[Baar (region)|Baar]]. Soon afterwards, increasingly higher areas and adjacent forests were colonized, so that by the end of the 10th century, the first settlements could be found in the red (bunter) sandstone region. These include, for example, [[Rötenbach (Friedenweiler)|Rötenbach]], which was first mentioned in 819.

Some of the uprisings (including the [[Bundschuh movement]]) that preceded the 16th century [[German Peasants' War]], originated in the Black Forest. Further peasant unrest, in the shape of the [[Niter|saltpetre]] uprisings, took place over the next two centuries in [[Hotzenwald]].

Remnants of [[Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest|military fortifications]] dating from the 17th and 18th centuries can be found in the Black Forest, especially on the mountain passes. Examples include the multiple baroque fieldworks of [[Margrave]] [[Louis William, Margrave of Baden-Baden|Louis William of Baden-Baden]] or individual defensive positions such as the [[Alexanderschanze]] (Alexander's Redoubt), the [[Röschenschanze]] and the [[Schwedenschanze (Zuflucht)|Schwedenschanze]] ([[Schwedenschanze|Swedish Redoubt]]).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwedenschanze|url=https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/schwedenschanze-33f299a078|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info|language=de|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601203148/https://www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info/attraktionen/schwedenschanze-a0f01a4fcc|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Schwarzwald Röschenschanze|url=https://www.schwarzwald-informationen.de/wandern-an-der-schwarzwaldhochstrasse/roeschenschanze.html|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.schwarzwald-informationen.de|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014400/https://www.schwarzwald-informationen.de/wandern-an-der-schwarzwaldhochstrasse/roeschenschanze.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Originally, [[History of the forest in Central Europe|the Black Forest was a mixed forest]] of deciduous trees and firs. At the higher elevations [[spruce]] also grew. In the middle of the 19th century, the Black Forest was almost completely deforested by intensive forestry and was subsequently replanted, mostly with spruce [[monoculture]]s.

In 1990, extensive damage to the forest was caused by a [[Storm Vivian|series of windstorms]].{{efn|These severe storms or cyclones are commonly known as hurricanes even though they are not true tropical hurricanes.}} On 26 December 1999, [[Cyclone Lothar]] raged across the Black Forest and caused even greater damage, especially to the spruce monocultures. As had happened following the 1990 storms, large quantities of fallen logs were kept in provisional wet-storage areas for years. The effects of the storm are demonstrated by the [[Lothar Path]], a forest educational and adventure trail at the nature centre in [[Ruhestein]] on a highland timber forest of about 10 hectares that was destroyed by a hurricane. Several areas of storm damage, both large and small, were left to nature and have developed today into a natural mixed forest again.