Editing Black-throated loon (section)

==Taxonomy and etymology==
The black-throated loon was [[Species description|formally described]] in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' under the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Colymbus arcticus''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=135 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727040 }}</ref> Linnaeus specified the [[type locality (biology)|type locality]] as Europe and America but in 1761 he restricted it to Sweden.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1761 | title=Fauna svecica, sistens animalia sveciae regni mammalia, aves amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes | edition=2nd | location=Stockholmiae | publisher=Sumtu & Literis Direct. Laurentii Salvii | language=Latin | page=52 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32170521 }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=138 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108778 }}</ref> In 1897 the American ornithologist [[Joel Asaph Allen]] suggested that the  black-throated loon should be moved to the genus ''[[Gavia (bird)| Gavia]]'' that had been introduced by [[Johann Reinhold Forster|Johann Forster]] in 1788. This proposal was adopted by the [[American Ornithologists' Union]] (AOU) in 1899.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allen|first=J. A.|title=The proper generic name of the loons|department=General Notes|year=1897|journal=The Auk|volume=14|issue=3|page=312|doi=10.2307/4068646|jstor=4068646|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/88002}}</ref><ref>{{ cite journal | author=Committee of the American Ornithologists' Union | date=1899 | title=Ninth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds | journal=The Auk | volume=16 | pages=97–133 [98] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15935308 }}</ref> The genus name {{lang|la|Gavia}} comes from the [[Latin]] for {{gloss|sea mew}}, as used by the ancient Roman naturalist [[Pliny the Elder]].<ref name=Johnsgard/> The specific {{lang|la|arctica}} is Latin for {{gloss|northern}} or {{gloss|Arctic}}.<ref name= job90>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 |page = [https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n53 53]}}</ref> The name of the subspecies ''viridigularis'' stems from the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|viridis}}, meaning {{gloss|green}}, and the Latin {{lang|la|gularis}}, meaning {{gloss|throated}}, in reference to the green throat of this subspecies.<ref name="hbwname">{{cite web |last1=Jobling|first1=James A. |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |title=  Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology  |work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/dictionary/key-to-scientific-names-in-ornithology?name=viridigularis|publisher=Lynx Edicions |location=Barcelona |access-date=2 August 2017 }}</ref> The common name, black-throated loon, stems from its black throat patch. This loon is also called the Arctic loon and the black-throated diver.<ref name="hbw"/>

There are two [[subspecies]]:<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=December 2023 | title=Kagu, Sunbittern, tropicbirds, loons, penguins | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/loons/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=25 June 2024 }}</ref>
*''Gavia arctica arctica'' <small>(Linnaeus, 1758)</small> – This subspecies is found in northern Europe, east to the center of [[Palearctic|northern Asia]], and from that to the [[Lena River]] and [[Transbaikal]]. It migrates to the coasts of northwestern Europe and the coasts of the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas.<ref name="hbw"/>
*''G. a. viridigularis'' <small>[[Jonathan Dwight|Dwight]], 1918</small> – This subspecies is found in eastern Russia from the Lena River and Transbaikal east to the peninsulas of [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukotka]] and [[Kamchatka Peninsula|Kamchatka]] and the northern portion of [[Sakhalin]]. It migrates to the northwestern Pacific coasts.<ref name="hbw"/>

''G. a. viridigularis'' was considered to be a separate species when described by [[Jonathan Dwight]] in 1918,<ref name="Dwight1918">{{cite journal|last1=Dwight|first1=Jonathan|title=A new species of loon (''Gavia viridigularis'') from northeastern Siberia|journal=The Auk|volume=35|issue=2|year=1918|pages=196–199|issn=0004-8038|doi=10.2307/4072850|jstor=4072850|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/90373}}</ref> but in 1919 [[Arthur Cleveland Bent]] suggested that it be moved to its current placement as a subspecies.<ref name="Bent1919">{{cite journal|last1=Bent|first1=A. C.|title=Geographical variation in black-throated loons|journal=The Auk|volume=36|issue=2|year=1919|pages=238–242|issn=0004-8038|doi=10.2307/4073044|jstor=4073044|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/85873|doi-access=free}}</ref> The black-throated loon was previously considered conspecific with the North American [[Pacific loon]], which was its subspecies,<ref name="AOU"/> but they have now been [[Lumpers and splitters|split]] into two species;<ref name="hbw"/> there was no evidence of the two interbreeding in areas where they occurred together.<ref name="Sprengelmeyer2014"/> Furthermore, the architecture of the air sacs in the lungs of the two species are significantly different.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Kadosaki | first= Masaaki | title=A preliminary study on the structure of lung-air sac system of loons | journal=Japanese Journal of Ornithology | volume=23 | issue=95–96 | year=1975|pages= 1–6 | url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjo1915/23/95-96/23_95-96_1/_pdf | doi= 10.3838/jjo1915.23.1 | doi-access=free }}</ref> This split was done by the AOU in 1985.<ref name="AOU">{{cite journal|last1=Monroe, Jr.|first1=Burt L.|last2=Banks|first2=Richard C.|last3=Fitzpatrick|first3=John W.|last4=Howell|first4=Thomas R.|last5=Johnson|first5=Ned K.|last6=Ouellet|first6=Henri|last7=Remsen|first7=James V.|last8=Storer|first8=Robert W.|title=Thirty-fifth supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds|journal=The Auk|volume=102|issue=3|year=1985|pages=680–686|doi=10.1093/auk/102.3.680}}</ref> The phylogeny of this species is debated, the black-throated loon and the Pacific loon traditionally being considered [[sister species]], whereas a study using [[mitochondrial DNA|mitochondrial]] and [[Intron|nuclear intron DNA]] supported placing the black-throated loon sister to a [[clade]] consisting of the Pacific loon and the two sister species that are the [[common loon]] and the [[yellow-billed loon]]. This latter study is criticised on the basis that it may form a phylogeny on [[incomplete lineage sorting]]. In the former phylogeny, the split between the Pacific loon and the black-throated loon is proposed to have happened about 6.5 million years ago.<ref name="Sprengelmeyer2014">{{cite thesis|last=Sprengelmeyer|first=Quentin D.|title=A phylogenetic reevaluation of the genus ''Gavia'' (Aves: Gaviiformes) using next-generation sequencing|date=2014|type=[[Master of Science]]|publisher=[[Northern Michigan University]]}}</ref>