Editing Bird-of-paradise (section)

==Taxonomy==
The family Paradisaeidae is introduced (as Paradiseidae) in 1825 with ''Paradisaea'' as the [[type genus]] by the English naturalist [[William Swainson]].<ref>{{ cite journal | last=Swainson | first=William | author-link=William Swainson | year=1825 | title=On the characters and natural affinities of several new birds from Australasia; including some observations on the Columbidae | journal=Zoological Journal | volume=1 | pages=463–484 [480] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13382330 }}</ref>{{efn|In 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]'',  [[Carl Linnaeus]] spelled the genus name as both ''Paradisea'' and ''Paradisaea''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title=Systema Naturae | volume=1 | edition=10th | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin| pages=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/726988 83], [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727015 110]  }}</ref> In 2012 the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] suppressed the spelling ''Paradisea''.<ref>{{ cite journal | author=International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature | date=2012 | title=''Paradisaea'' Linnaeus, 1758 and PARADISAEIDAE Swainson, 1825 (Aves): names conserved | journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume=69 | issue=1 | pages=77–78 | doi=10.21805/bzn.v69i1.a5 | s2cid=81167105 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/378027 }}</ref><ref name=schodde>{{Cite journal | last1=Schodde | first1=R. | last2=LeCroy | first2=M. | last3=Bock | first3=W.J. | date=2010 | title=Case 3500 ''Paradisae'' Linnaeus, 1758 and Paradisaeidae Swainson, 1825 (Aves): proposed conservation of usage | journal=Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature | volume=67 | issue=1 | pages=57–63 | doi=10.21805/bzn.v67i1.a8| s2cid=84064906 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/377252 }}</ref>}}{{efn|The authority for the family Paradisaeidae has traditionally been attributed to the Irish zoologist [[Nicholas Aylward Vigors]].<ref>{{cite book | last=Bock | first=Walter J. | year=1994 | title=History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names | series=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History | volume= 222 | publisher=American Museum of Natural History | location=New York | pages=158, 264 | hdl=2246/830 | url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/830 }}<!--Linked page allows download of the 48MB pdf--></ref> Vigors was constrained by the [[quinarian system]] and his use of ''Paradisaeae'' was not intended as a family name.<ref name=schodde/><ref>{{ cite journal | last=Vigors | first=Nicholas Aylward | author-link=Nicholas Aylward Vigors | year=1825 | title=Observations on the natural affinities that connect the orders and families of birds | journal=Transactions of the Linnean Society of London | volume=14 | issue=3 | pages=395–517 [449] | doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.1823.tb00098.x | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/752827 }}</ref>}} For many years the birds-of-paradise were treated as being closely related to the [[bowerbird]]s. Today while both are treated as being part of the Australasian lineage [[Corvida]], the two are now thought to be only distantly related. The closest evolutionary relatives of the birds-of-paradise are the crow and jay family [[Corvidae]], the monarch flycatchers [[monarch flycatcher|Monarchidae]], and the Australian mudnesters [[Australian mudnester|Struthideidae]].<ref name = "HBW"/>

A 2009 study examining the [[mitochondrial DNA]] of all species to examine the relationships within the family and to its nearest relatives estimated that the family emerged 24&nbsp;million years ago, earlier than previous estimates. The study identified five [[clade]]s within the family, and placed the split between the first clade, which contains the monogamous [[manucode]]s and [[paradise-crow]], and all the other birds-of-paradise, to be 10 million years ago. The second clade includes the [[parotia]]s and the [[King of Saxony bird-of-paradise]]. The third clade provisionally contains several genera, including ''Seleucidis'', the ''Drepanornis'' sicklebills, ''Semioptera'', ''Ptiloris,'' and ''Lophorina'', although some of these are questionable. The fourth clade includes the ''Epimachus'' sicklebills, ''Paradigalla,'' and the astrapias. The final clade includes the ''Cicinnurus'' and the ''Paradisaea'' birds-of-paradise.<ref name=irestedt>{{Cite journal | last1=Irestedt | first1=M. | last2=Jønsson | first2=K.A. | last3=Fjeldså | first3=J. | last4=Christidis | first4=L. | last5=Ericson | first5=P.G. | date=2009 | title=An unexpectedly long history of sexual selection in birds-of-paradise | journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume=9 | issue=1 | pages=235 | doi=10.1186/1471-2148-9-235 | pmid=19758445 | pmc=2755009 | doi-access=free}}</ref>

The exact limits of the family have been the subject of revision as well. The three species of [[satinbird]] (the genera ''[[Cnemophilus]]'' and ''[[Loboparadisea]]'') were treated as a subfamily of the birds-of-paradise, Cnemophilinae. In spite of differences in the mouth, foot morphology, and nesting habits they remained in the family until a 2000 study moved them to a separate family closer to the berrypeckers and longbills ([[Melanocharitidae]]).<ref name="Cracraft">
{{cite journal
|doi=10.1098/rspb.2000.0992
|pmid=10714877
|last1=Cracraft
|first1=J.
|year=2000
|title=What is not a bird of paradise? Molecular and morphological evidence places ''Macgregoria'' in the Meliphagidae and the Cnemophilinae near the base of the corvoid tree
|journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Society#Proceedings of the Royal Society B|Proc. R. Soc. B]]
|volume=267
|issue=1440
|pages=233–241
|last2=Feinstein
|first2=J.
|pmc=1690532
}}
</ref> The same study found that the [[MacGregor's honeyeater|Macgregor's bird-of-paradise]] was actually a member of the large Australasian [[honeyeater]] family. In addition to these three species, a number of systematically enigmatic species and genera have been considered potential members of this family. The two species in the genus ''[[Lesser melampitta|Melampitta]]'', also from New Guinea, have been linked with the birds-of-paradise,<ref>Sibley, . & Ahlquist, J. (1987). "The Lesser Melampitta is a Bird of Paradise" ''[[Emu (journal)|Emu]]'' '''87''': 66–68</ref> but their relationships remain uncertain, more recently being linked with the Australian mudnesters.<ref name = "HBW"/> The [[silktail]] of [[Fiji]] has been linked with the birds-of-paradise many times since its discovery, but never formally assigned to the family. Recent molecular evidence now places the species with the [[fantail]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.038|last1=Irested|first1=Martin|year=2009|title=The systematic affinity of the enigmatic ''Lamprolia victoriae'' (Aves: Passeriformes) – An example of avian dispersal between New Guinea and Fiji over Miocene intermittent land bridges? |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|last2=Fuchs |first2=J |last3=Jønsson |first3=KA |last4=Ohlson |first4=JI |last5=Pasquet |first5=E |first6=Per G.P. |last6=Ericson |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=1218–1222 |url=http://www.nrm.se/download/18.7d9d550411abf68c801800012645/Irestedt%2Bet%2Bal%2BLamprolia.pdf|pmid=18620871}}</ref>

===Phylogeny===
A genus level phylogeny of the family has been determined by Martin Irestedt and collaborators.<ref name=irestedt/><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Irestedt | first1=M. | last2=Batalha-Filho | first2=H. | last3=Ericson | first3=P.G.P. | last4=Christidis | first4=L. | last5=Schodde | first5=R. | date=2017 | title=Phylogeny, biogeography and taxonomic consequences in a bird-of-paradise species complex, ''Lophorina''–''Ptiloris'' (Aves: Paradisaeidae) | journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume=181 | issue=2 | pages=439–470 | doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx004 | doi-access= }}</ref>
{{Clade
|label1=Paradisaeidae
|1={{clade
   |1={{clade
      |1=''[[Lycocorax]]'' – paradise-crows (2 species)
      |2={{clade
         |1=''[[Phonygammus]]'' – trumpet manucode
         |2=''[[Manucodia]]'' – manucodes (5 species)
         }}
      }}
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=''[[Pteridophora]]'' – King of Saxony bird-of-paradise
         |2=''[[Parotia]]'' – parotias (6 species)
         }}
      |2={{clade
         |1={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Seleucidis]]'' – twelve-wired bird-of-paradise
               |2=''[[Drepanornis]]'' – sicklebills (2 species)
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1=''[[Semioptera]]'' – standardwing bird-of-paradise
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Lophorina]]'' – lophorinas (3 species)
                  |2=''[[Ptiloris]]'' – riflebirds (4 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
               |1=''[[Epimachus]]'' – sicklebills (2 species)
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Paradigalla]]'' – paradigallas (2 species)
                  |2=''[[Astrapia]]'' – astrapias (5 species)
                  }}
               }}
            |2={{clade
               |1={{clade
                  |1=''[[Cicinnurus]]'' – King bird-of-paradise
                  |2=''[[Diphyllodes]]'' – birds-of-paradise (2 species)
                  }}
               |2={{clade
                  |1=''[[Paradisornis]]'' – blue bird-of-paradise
                  |2=''[[Paradisaea]]'' – birds-of-paradise (6 species)
                  }}
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

===Species=== <!-- do not rename section without updating forward ref in taxobox -->
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
'''genus''': ''[[Lycocorax]]''
:*[[Halmahera paradise-crow]], ''Lycocorax pyrrhopterus''
:*[[Obi paradise-crow]], ''Lycocorax obiensis''

'''genus''': ''[[Manucodia]]''
:* [[Glossy-mantled manucode]], ''Manucodia ater''
:* [[Tagula manucode]], ''Manucodia alter''
:* [[Jobi manucode]], ''Manucodia jobiensis''
:* [[Crinkle-collared manucode]], ''Manucodia chalybatus''
:* [[Curl-crested manucode]], ''Manucodia comrii''

'''genus''': ''Phonygammus''
:* [[Trumpet manucode]], ''Phonygammus keraudrenii''

'''genus''': ''[[Paradigalla]]''
:* [[Long-tailed paradigalla]], ''Paradigalla carunculata''
:* [[Short-tailed paradigalla]], ''Paradigalla brevicauda''

'''genus''': ''[[Astrapia]]''
:* [[Arfak astrapia]], ''Astrapia nigra''
:* [[Splendid astrapia]], ''Astrapia splendidissima''
:* [[Ribbon-tailed astrapia]], ''Astrapia mayeri''
:* [[Stephanie's astrapia]], ''Astrapia stephaniae''
:* [[Huon astrapia]], ''Astrapia rothschildi''

'''genus''': ''[[Parotia]]''
:* [[Western parotia]], ''Parotia sefilata''
:* [[Carola's parotia]], ''Parotia carolae''
:* [[Bronze parotia]], ''Parotia berlepschi''
:* [[Lawes's parotia]], ''Parotia lawesii''
:* [[Eastern parotia]], ''Parotia helenae'' (Disputed)
:* [[Wahnes's parotia]], ''Parotia wahnesi''

'''genus''': ''Pteridophora''
:* [[King of Saxony bird-of-paradise]], ''Pteridophora alberti''

'''genus''': ''[[Lophorina]]''
:* [[Greater lophorina]], ''Lophorina latipennis''
:* [[Vogelkop lophorina]], ''Lophorina superba''
:* [[Lesser lophorina]], ''Lophorina minor'' 
{{col-2}}
'''genus''': ''[[Ptiloris]]''
::* [[Magnificent riflebird]], ''Ptiloris magnificus''
::* [[Growling riflebird]], ''Ptiloris intercedens''
::* [[Paradise riflebird]], ''Ptiloris paradiseus''
::* [[Victoria's riflebird]], ''Ptiloris victoriae''

'''genus''': ''[[Epimachus]]''
:* [[Black sicklebill]], ''Epimachus fastosus''
:* [[Brown sicklebill]], ''Epimachus meyeri''

'''genus''': ''[[Drepanornis]]''
:* [[Black-billed sicklebill]], ''Drepanornis albertisi''
:* [[Pale-billed sicklebill]], ''Drepanornis bruijnii''

'''genus''': ''Cicinnurus''
::* [[King bird-of-paradise]], ''Cicinnurus regius''
::* [[Magnificent bird-of-paradise]], ''Cicinurrus magnificus/Diphyllodes magnificus''
::* [[Wilson's bird-of-paradise]], ''Cicinnurus respublica/Diphyllodes respublica''

'''genus''': ''[[Diphyllodes]]''
::* [[Magnificent bird-of-paradise]], ''Diphyllodes magnificus''
::* [[Wilson's bird-of-paradise]], ''Diphyllodes respublica''

'''genus''': ''Semioptera''
:* [[Standardwing bird-of-paradise]], ''Semioptera wallacii''

'''genus''': ''Seleucidis''
:* [[Twelve-wired bird-of-paradise]], ''Seleucidis melanoleucus''

'''genus''': ''[[Paradisaea]]''
::* [[Lesser bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea minor''
::* [[Greater bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea apoda''
::* [[Raggiana bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea raggiana''
::* [[Goldie's bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea decora''
::* [[Red bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea rubra''
::* [[Emperor bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisaea guilielmi''

:'''genus''': ''Paradisornis''
::* [[Blue bird-of-paradise]], ''Paradisornis rudolphi''
{{col-end}}

===Hybrids===
{{main|List of hybrid birds-of-paradise}}
Hybrid birds-of-paradise may occur when individuals of different species, that look similar and have overlapping ranges, confuse each other for their own species and crossbreed.

When [[Erwin Stresemann]] realised that hybridisation among birds-of-paradise might be an explanation as to why so many of the described species were so rare, he examined many controversial specimens and, during the 1920s and 1930s, published several papers on his hypothesis. Many of the species described in the late 19th and early 20th centuries are now generally considered to be hybrids, though some are still subject to dispute; their status is not likely to be settled definitely without genetic examination of museum specimens, which will come soon in summer 2021 in North America, South America, Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia, and some birds in an aviary in [[Central Park Zoo]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}}{{Update inline|date=March 2025}}