Editing Bioprospecting (section)

==Bioprospecting-derived resources and products==
===Agriculture===
[[File:Ata Sugar-apple Pinha Fruta do conde.JPG|thumb|right|[[Annonin]]-based biopesticides, used to protect crops from beetles and other pests, were developed from the plant ''[[Annona squamosa]]''.<ref name="annonin1"/>]]
Bioprospecting-derived resources and products used in agriculture include [[biofertilizer]]s, [[biopesticide]]s and [[antibiotic use in livestock|veterinary antibiotics]].  ''[[Rhizobium]]'' is a genus of soil bacteria used as biofertilizers,<ref name="pmid20879835">{{cite journal | vauthors = John RP, Tyagi RD, Brar SK, Surampalli RY, Prévost D| title = Bio-encapsulation of microbial cells for targeted agricultural delivery| journal = Critical Reviews in Biotechnology | volume = 31 | issue = 3  | pages = 211–226 | date = September 2011| pmid = 20879835 | doi = 10.3109/07388551.2010.513327| s2cid = 207467630}}</ref> ''[[Bacillus thuringiensis]]'' (also called Bt) and the [[annonin]]s (obtained from seeds of the plant ''[[Annona squamosa]]'') are examples of biopesticides,<ref name="pmid12598644">{{cite journal | vauthors = Wei JZ, Hale K, Carta L, Platzer E, Wong C, Fang SC, Aroian RV | title = ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' crystal proteins that target nematodes | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 5 | pages = 2760–5 | date = 2003 | pmid = 12598644 | pmc = 151414 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0538072100 | bibcode = 2003PNAS..100.2760W | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US5147640A/en| title = Strains of ''Bacillus thuringiensis'' insecticidal compositions containing the same US5147640A| access-date = 2020-07-27| vauthors = Gard IE, Gonzalez JM |date=September 1992|display-authors=et al}}</ref><ref name="annonin1">{{cite book | vauthors = Wani JA, Wali AF, Majid S, Rasool S, Rehman MU, Rashid SM, Ali S, Farooq S, Rasool S, Ahmad A, Qamar W| title = Bioremediation and Biotechnology, Vol 2: Degradation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals | chapter = Bio-Pesticides: Application and Possible Mechanism of Action |veditors= Bhat RA, Hakeem KR, Dervash MA | pages = 97–119 | date = 2020 | location = Cham | doi = 10.1007/978-3-030-40333-1_6| isbn = 978-3-030-40332-4 | s2cid = 218939420 }}</ref><ref name="annonin2">{{Cite web| url = https://patents.google.com/patent/US4689232| title = Pure annonin and a process for the preparation thereof US 4689232 A| access-date = 2020-07-27| vauthors = Moeschler HF, Pfluger W, Wendisch D |date=August 1987 }}</ref> and [[valnemulin]] and [[tiamulin]] (discovered and developed from the [[basidiomycete]] fungi ''Omphalina mutila'' and ''[[Clitopilus|Clitopilus passeckerianus]]'') are examples of veterinary antibiotics.<ref name="pmid16589015">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kavanagh F, Hervey A, Robbins WJ|date=September 1951 |title=Antibiotic substances from basidiomycetes: VIII. ''Pleurotus multilus'' (Fr.) Sacc. and ''Pleurotus passeckerianus'' Pilat.|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=37 |issue=9|pages=570–574|doi=10.1073/pnas.37.9.570|pmid=16589015| pmc = 1063423|bibcode=1951PNAS...37..570K |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="pmid28649239">{{cite journal | vauthors = de Mattos-Shipley KM, Foster GD, and Bailey AM| title = Insights into the classical genetics of ''Clitopilus passeckerianus'' – the pleuromutilin producing mushroom| journal = Frontiers in Microbiology | volume = 8 | pages = Article 1056 | date = June 2017| pmid = 28649239 | pmc = 5465285 | doi = 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01056| doi-access = free}}</ref>

===Bioremediation===
Examples of bioprospecting products used in bioremediation include ''[[Coriolopsis gallica]]''- and ''[[Phanerochaete|Phanerochaete chrysosporium]]''-derived [[laccase]] enzymes, used for treating [[brewery|beer factory]] [[wastewater]] and for dechlorinating and decolorizing [[paper mill]] [[effluent]].<ref name="pmid28330085"/>

===Cosmetics and personal care===
Cosmetics and personal care products obtained from bioprospecting include ''[[Porphyridium cruentum]]''-derived [[oligosaccharide]] and oligoelement blends used to treat [[erythema]] ([[rosacea]], [[flushing (physiology)|flushing]] and [[periorbital dark circles|dark circles]]),<ref name="pmid24240981"/> ''[[Xanthobacter autotrophicus]]''-derived [[zeaxanthin]] used for [[Epidermis#Skin hydration|skin hydration]] and [[UV#Human health-related effects|UV]] protection,<ref name="pmid31214881"/> ''[[Clostridium histolyticum]]''-derived [[collagenase]]s used for [[skin]] regeneration,<ref name="pmid31214881"/> and ''[[Microsporum]]''-derived [[keratinase]]s used for [[hair removal]].<ref name="pmid31214881"/>

===Nanotechnology and biosensors===
Because [[microbial]] [[laccase]]s have a broad [[substrate (chemistry)|substrate]] range, they can be used in [[biosensor]] technology to detect a wide range of [[organic compound]]s.  For example, laccase-containing [[electrode]]s are used to detect [[polyphenol|polyphenolic compounds]] in [[wine]], and [[lignin]]s and [[phenols]] in [[wastewater]].<ref name="pmid28330085"/>

===Pharmaceuticals===
[[File:Streptomyces griseus.jpg|thumb|right|The [[tuberculosis]] drug [[streptomycin]] was discovered from the [[actinomycete]] ''[[Streptomyces griseus]]''.<ref name="pmid32529587"/>]]
Many of the [[antibiotic|antibacterial drug]]s in current clinical use were discovered through bioprospecting including the [[aminoglycoside]]s, [[tetracycline]]s, [[amphenicol]]s, [[polymyxin]]s, [[cephalosporin]]s and other [[β-lactam antibiotic]]s, [[macrolide]]s, [[pleuromutilin]]s, [[Glycopeptide antibiotic|glycopeptide]]s, [[rifamycin]]s, [[lincosamide]]s, [[streptogramin]]s, and [[Phosphonate|phosphonic acid]] antibiotics.<ref name="pmid32529587"/><ref name="HoMBRG">{{cite Q|Q29581637}}</ref>  The aminoglycoside antibiotic [[streptomycin]], for example, was discovered from the soil bacterium ''[[Streptomyces griseus]]'', the fusidane antibiotic [[fusidic acid]] was discovered from the soil fungus ''[[Acremonium|Acremonium fusidioides]]'', and the pleuromutilin antibiotics (eg. [[lefamulin]]) were discovered and developed from the basidiomycete fungi ''Omphalina mutila'' and ''Clitopilus passeckerianus''.<ref name="pmid32529587"/><ref name="pmid16589015"/>

Other examples of bioprospecting-derived anti-infective drugs include the [[antifungal]] drug [[griseofulvin]]  (discovered from the soil fungus ''[[Penicillium griseofulvum]]''),<ref name="10.1071/ch13639">{{cite journal | vauthors = Beekman AM, Barrow RA | title = Fungal metabolites as pharmaceuticals | journal = Australian Journal of Chemistry | volume = 67 | issue =6| pages = 827–843| year = 2014| doi=10.1071/ch13639}}</ref> the antifungal and [[antileishmanial]] drug [[amphotericin B]] (discovered from the soil bacterium ''[[Streptomyces nodosus]]''),<ref name="pmid22975171">{{cite journal | vauthors = Procópio RE, Silva IR, Martins MK, Azevedo JL, Araújo JM | title = Antibiotics produced by ''Streptomyces''| journal = The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 466–71 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22975171 | doi = 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.014 | doi-access = free }}</ref> the [[antimalarial]] drug [[artemisinin]] (discovered from the plant ''[[Artemisia annua]]''),<ref name="pmid29077533"/><ref name="pmid24979951">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kano S | title = Artemisinin-based combination therapies and their introduction in Japan | journal = Kansenshogaku Zasshi | volume = 88 | issue = 3 Suppl 9–10 | pages = 18–25 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24979951 }}</ref> and the [[antihelminthic]] drug [[ivermectin]] (developed from the soil bacterium ''[[Streptomyces avermitilis]]'').<ref name="pmid31544193">{{cite journal | vauthors = Saraiva RG, Dimopoulos G | title = Bacterial natural products in the fight against mosquito-transmitted tropical diseases | journal = Natural Product Reports | volume = 37 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–354 | date = 2020 | pmid = 31544193 | doi = 10.1039/c9np00042a | s2cid = 202731385 }}</ref>

Bioprospecting-derived pharmaceuticals have been developed for the treatment of [[non-communicable disease]]s and conditions too.  These include the [[anticancer drug]] [[bleomycin]] (obtained from the soil bacterium ''[[Streptomyces verticillus]]''),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a682125.html|title=Bleomycin|publisher=US National Library of Medicine|access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> the [[immunosuppressant]] drug [[ciclosporin]] used to treat autoimmune diseases such as [[rheumatoid arthritis]] and [[psoriasis]] (obtained from the soil fungus ''[[Tolypocladium inflatum]]''),<ref name="10.1007/978-1-4615-9846-6_2">{{cite book | vauthors = Borel JF, Kis ZL, Beveridge T | title = The Search for Anti-Inflammatory Drugs| chapter = The History of the Discovery and Development of Cyclosporine (Sandimmune®)| pages = 27–63| year = 1995| location = Boston, MA| doi=10.1007/978-1-4615-9846-6_2| isbn = 978-1-4615-9848-0}}</ref> the anti-inflammatory drug [[colchicine]] used to treat and prevent [[gout]] flares (obtained from the plant ''[[Colchicum autumnale]]''),<ref name="pmid29077533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Buenz EJ, Verpoorte R, Bauer BA |date=January 2018 |title=The ethnopharmacologic contribution to bioprospecting natural products|journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=509–530 |doi=10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052703|pmid=29077533|doi-access=free }}</ref> the [[analgesic]] drug [[ziconotide]] (developed from the [[cone snail]] ''[[Conus magus]]''),<ref name="pmid24078803"/> and the [[acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]] [[galantamine]] used to treat [[Alzheimer's disease]] (obtained from plants in the ''[[Galanthus]]'' genus).<ref name="pmid23410167">{{cite journal | vauthors = Russo P, Frustaci A, Del Bufalo A, Fini M, Cesario A | title = Multitarget drugs of plants origin acting on Alzheimer's disease | journal = Current Medicinal Chemistry | volume = 20 | issue = 13 | pages = 1686–93 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23410167 | doi = 10.2174/0929867311320130008 }}</ref>