Editing Biophoton (section)

==Detection and measurement==
Biophotons may be detected with [[photomultiplier]]s or by means of an ultra low noise [[CCD camera]] to produce an image, using an exposure time of typically 15 minutes for plant materials.<ref name="Biophoton imaging: a nondestructive">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bennett M, Mehta M, Grant M | title = Biophoton imaging: a nondestructive method for assaying R gene responses | journal = Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions | volume = 18 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–102 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15720077 | doi = 10.1094/MPMI-18-0095 | doi-access =  }}</ref><ref name="Biophoton detection as a novel tech"/> Photomultiplier tubes have been used to measure biophoton emissions from fish eggs,<ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Yirka B |title=Research suggests cells communicate via biophotons|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-05-cells-biophotons.html|date=May 2012|access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> and some applications have measured biophotons from animals and humans.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kobayashi M, Kikuchi D, Okamura H | title = Imaging of ultraweak spontaneous photon emission from human body displaying diurnal rhythm | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 4 | issue = 7 | pages = e6256 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19606225 | pmc = 2707605 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0006256 | bibcode = 2009PLoSO...4.6256K | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Dotta BT, Saroka KS, Persinger MA | title = Increased photon emission from the head while imagining light in the dark is correlated with changes in electroencephalographic power: support for Bókkon's biophoton hypothesis | journal = Neuroscience Letters | volume = 513 | issue = 2 | pages = 151–4 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22343311 | doi = 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.021 | s2cid = 207135123 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Joines WT, Baumann SB, Kruth JG |title=Electromagnetic emission from humans during focused intent|journal=Journal of Parapsychology|date=2012|volume=76|issue=2|pages=275–294}}</ref> Electron Multiplying CCD (EM-CCD) optimized for the detection of ultraweak light<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khaoua I, Graciani G, Kim A, Amblard F | title = Detectivity optimization to detect of ultraweak light fluxes with an EM-CCD as binary photon counter array | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 3530 | date = February 2021 | pmid = 33574351 | pmc = 7878522 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-82611-8 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..11.3530K }}</ref> have also been used to detect the bioluminescence produced by yeast cells at the onset of their growth.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Khaoua I, Graciani G, Kim A, Amblard F | title = Stochastic light concentration from 3D to 2D reveals ultraweak chemi- and bioluminescence | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 10050 | date = May 2021 | pmid = 33976267 | pmc = 8113247 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-021-88091-0 | bibcode = 2021NatSR..1110050K }}</ref>

The typical observed [[Irradiance|radiant emittance]] of biological tissues in the visible and ultraviolet frequencies ranges from 10<sup>−17</sup> to 10<sup>−23</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> with a photon count from a few to nearly 1000 photons per cm<sup>2</sup> in the range of 200&nbsp;nm to 800&nbsp;nm.<ref name="Popp-2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Popp FA | title = Properties of biophotons and their theoretical implications | journal = Indian Journal of Experimental Biology | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 391–402 | date = May 2003 | pmid = 15244259 | url = http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/17031 }}</ref>