Editing Big band (section)

==Instruments==
[[File:Jazz ensemble - seating diagram.svg|thumb|400px|Most common seating arrangement for a 17-piece big band]]
Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, drums and sometimes vibraphone or other percussion.<ref name="Gioia">{{cite book|last1=Gioia|first1=Ted|title=The History of Jazz|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-539970-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/100 100—]|edition=2|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjazz00gioia/page/100}}</ref><ref name="AM">{{cite web|title=Big Band Music Genre Overview|url=http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/big-band-ma0000002461|website=AllMusic|access-date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="redlands symphony">{{cite web |title=How We Got the Big Sound of Big Band Jazz |url=https://www.redlandssymphony.com/articles/history-of-big-band-jazz#:~:text=Just%20as%20an%20orchestra%20is,%2C%20bass%2C%20and%20drums). |website=Redlands Symphony |access-date=21 June 2023 |archive-date=June 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621034913/https://www.redlandssymphony.com/articles/history-of-big-band-jazz#:~:text=Just%20as%20an%20orchestra%20is,%2C%20bass%2C%20and%20drums). |url-status=dead }}</ref> The division in early big bands, from the 1920s to 1930s, was typically two or three trumpets, one or two trombones, three or four saxophones, and a rhythm section of four instruments.<ref name="Collier">{{cite book|last1=Collier|first1=James|editor1-last=Kernfeld|editor1-first=Barry|title=The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz|date=2002|publisher=Grove's Dictionaries|location=New York|isbn=1-56159-284-6| page=122| volume=1| edition=2nd}}</ref> In the 1940s, [[Stan Kenton]]'s band used up to five trumpets, five trombones (three [[Tenor trombone|tenor]] and two [[bass trombone]]s), five saxophones (two [[alto saxophone]]s, two [[tenor saxophone]]s, one [[baritone saxophone]]), and a rhythm section. [[Duke Ellington]] at one time used six trumpets.<ref name="Uptown Conversation">{{cite book |last1=O'Meally |first1=Robert G. |last2=Edwards |first2=Brent Hayes |last3=Griffin |first3=Farah Jasmine |title=Uptown Conversation: The New Jazz Studies |date=2004 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-50836-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vVnKSEjK-kMC&dq=Duke+Ellington+%22six+trumpets%22&pg=PT562 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=John S. |title=Ellingtonians salute swing era clarinets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/05/15/arts/pop-jazz-ellingtonians-salute-swing-era-clarinets.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=NYTco |date=15 May 1981}}</ref> often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from  [[Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.|Swinging Suites]]. [[Boyd Raeburn]] drew from [[symphony orchestra]]s by adding [[flute]], [[French horn]], strings, and [[timpani]] to his band.<ref name="Collier" /> In the late 1930s, [[Shep Fields]] incorporated a solo accordion, [[temple blocks]], [[piccolo]], [[violins]] and a [[viola]] into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra.<ref name="nyt1">{{cite web |title=Shep Fields, Leader of Big Band Known for Rippling Rhythm |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/02/24/obituaries/shep-fields-leader-of-big-band-knowen-for-rippling-rythem.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=28 October 2020 |date=24 February 1981}}</ref><ref name="The Big Bands - 4th Edition">[https://books.google.com/books?id=gj4DAwAAQBAJ&q=Shep+Fields&pg=PT325 ''The Big Bands - 4th Edition''] George T. Simon. Schirmer Trade Books, London, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-85712-812-6}} "Shep Fields Biography" on Books.google.com</ref> [[Paul Whiteman]] also featured a solo accordion in his ensemble.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bAzGNogQmM4C&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA289 ''A Passion for Polka: Old-TIme Ethnic Music in America''. Greene, Victor. University of California Press, 1992 p. 124 Paul Whiteman featured the accordion on Google Books.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3 ''Music Around The World: A Global Encyclopedia'' . Andrew Martin & Matthew Mihalka editors. "Accordion (Americas) p. 3 Paul Whiteman Orchestra, accordion on Google Books]</ref>

Jazz ensembles numbering eight ([[Octet (music)|octet]]), nine ([[Nonet (music)|nonet]]) or ten ([[Decet (music)|tentet]]) voices are sometimes called "little big bands".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Palmer |first1=Robert |title=Two "Little Big Bands" offer new jazz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/04/05/arts/two-little-big-bands-offer-new-jazz.html |access-date=9 December 2021 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 1981}}</ref> During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm [[sextet]]". These ensembles typically featured three or more [[accordions]] accompanied by piano, guitar, bass, cello, percussion, and marimba with [[vibes (percussion)|vibes]] and were popularized by recording artists such as [[Charles Magnante]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wvb2DwAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3 ''Music Around The World: A Global Encyclopedia''. Andrew Martin & Matthew Mihalka editors. "Accordion (Americas) p. 3 Charles Magnanate & accordion on Google Books]</ref><ref>[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/110803/Magnante_Charles Discography of American Historical Recordings: Charles Magnante's Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu]</ref> Joe Biviano<ref name="Inc.1946">{{cite magazine |title=Record Reviews |magazine=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9BkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA124 |date=April 27, 1946|page=124 |issn=0006-2510}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/78_swing-low-sweet-chariot_joe-biviano-his-accordion-and-rhythm-sextette-john-serry_gbia0037324|title=Leone Jump; Swing Low, Sweet Chariot; The Jazz Me Blues; Nursery Rhymes |first1=his Accordion and Rhythm Sextette|last1=Joe Biviano|last2=Tom Delaney|last3=John Serry|access-date=November 26, 2018|website=Archive.org}}</ref> and [[John Serry Sr.|John Serry]].<ref>[https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/356873/Serrapica_John Discography of American Historical Recordings- John Serrapica (aka John Serry) as a member of the Charles Magnante Accordion Quartette with guitar and string bass on uscb.edu]</ref><ref name="Inc.1946"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Inc.1956">{{cite magazine |title=Dot into Pkgs |magazine=Billboard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XkUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 |date=8 September 1956 |pages=22– |issn=0006-2510}}</ref><ref name="BillboardSqueezePlay">[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgoEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA22 Review of album ''Squeeze Play'', p.&nbsp;22] in ''[[Billboard (magazine)|The Billboard]]'', 1&nbsp;December 1956</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=bPhXe_qNy5QC&q=Magnante+Accordion+Band ''Squeeze The: A Cultural History of the Accordion in America''. Jacobson, Marion. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, Il. 2012, P. 39 "Advent of the Piano Accordion - Charles Magnante Accordion and Big Band jazz recordings on GoogleBooks.com]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=TQPXAQAAQBAJ&dq=Magnante+Accordion+Band&pg=PA3 ''Music in American Life: An Encyclopedia of the Songs, Styles, Stars and Stories that Shaped Our Culture.'' Edmondson, Jacqueline.  ABC-CLIO, 2013, p. 3. "Accordion" - Charles Magnante, jazz bands, recordings on GoogleBooks.com]</ref>

Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50.<ref name="JazzTimes 10:">{{cite web |last1=West |first1=Michael J. |title=JazzTimes 10: Great Modern Big-Band Recordings |url=https://jazztimes.com/features/lists/jazztimes-10-great-modern-big-band-recordings/nggallery/image/fire-orchestra_ritual/#view |website=JazzTimes |publisher=Madavor Media |access-date=8 November 2020}}</ref>