Editing Behavior (section)

==Models==
===Biology===
{{Main|Behavioral ecology}}

==== Definition ====
Behavior may be defined as "the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of whole living organisms (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Levitis|first=Daniel |author2=William Z. Lidicker, Jr |author3=Glenn Freund|title=Behavioural biologists do not agree on what constitutes behaviour|journal=Animal Behaviour|date=June 2009|volume=78|issue=1 |pages=103–10|doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.03.018 |url=http://academic.reed.edu/biology/courses/bio342/2010_syllabus/2010_readings/levitis_etal_2009.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://academic.reed.edu/biology/courses/bio342/2010_syllabus/2010_readings/levitis_etal_2009.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|pmc=2760923 |pmid=20160973}}</ref>

A broader definition of behavior, applicable to plants and other organisms, is similar to the concept of [[phenotypic plasticity]]. It describes behavior as a response to an event or environment change during the course of the lifetime of an individual, differing from other physiological or biochemical changes that occur more rapidly, and excluding changes that are a result of development ([[ontogeny]]).<ref>Karban, R. (2008). Plant behaviour and communication. ''Ecology Letters'' 11 (7): 727–739, [http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074635/http://169.237.77.3/news/PlantBehavior.pdf|date=4 October 2015}}.</ref><ref>Karban, R. (2015). Plant Behavior and Communication. In: ''Plant Sensing and Communication''. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, pp. 1-8, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8HOeCQAAQBAJ].</ref>

Behaviour can be regarded as any action of an organism that changes its relationship to its environment. Behavior provides outputs from the organism to the environment.<ref>Dusenbery, David B. (2009). ''Living at Micro Scale'', p. 124. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts {{ISBN|978-0-674-03116-6}}.</ref>

==== Determination by genetics or the environment ====
Behaviors can be either [[innate]] or learned from the environment, or both, dependent on the organism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Result List: Behavior innate learned environment: EBSCOhost |url=https://web.p.ebscohost.com/ehost/results?vid=3&sid=b38e88a7-1bf0-407a-83ac-ed2dad8c1a15@redis&bquery=Behavior+innate+learned+environment&bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPWlwLHNzbyZkYj1wYmgmY2xpMD1GVCZjbHYwPVkmdHlwZT0wJnNlYXJjaE1vZGU9U3RhbmRhcmQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl |access-date=2024-10-03 |website=web.p.ebscohost.com |language=en}}</ref> The more complex nervous systems (or brains) are, the more influence learning has on behavior. However, even in mammals, a large fraction of behavior is genetically determined. For instance, [[Prairie vole|prairie voles]] tend to be [[Monogamy|monogamous]] while, while [[Eastern meadow vole|meadow voles]] are more [[Promiscuity|promiscuous]], a difference that is strongly determined by a single gene, [[Vasopressin receptor 1A|Avpr1a]], encoding a receptor for the peptide hormone [[Vasopressin]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Underwood |first=Emily |date=2020-10-22 |title=Solo stars among the genes |journal=Knowable Magazine |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/content/article/living-world/2020/solo-stars-among-genes |language=en |doi=10.1146/knowable-102120-1|doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Human behavior===
{{Main|Human behavior}}

The [[endocrine system]] and the [[nervous system]] likely influence human behavior. Complexity in the behavior of an organism may be correlated to the complexity of its nervous system. Generally, organisms with more complex nervous systems have a greater capacity to [[learn]] new responses and thus adjust their behavior.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Book of Alan: A Universal Order|last=Gregory|first=Alan|year=2015|publisher=Xlibris Corporation |isbn=978-1-5144-2053-9}}</ref>

===Animal behavior===
{{Main|Ethology}}

Ethology is the [[Scientific method|scientific]] and objective study of animal behavior, usually with a focus on behavior under natural conditions, and viewing behavior as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of ethology |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ethology |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref> [[Behaviourism|Behaviorism]] is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behavior, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioral responses in a [[laboratory]] context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity.<ref>{{cite dictionary |title= Definition of behaviorism |url= http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behaviorism |dictionary= Merriam-Webster |access-date= 9 September 2016}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120712173004/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/behaviourism |url-status= dead |archive-date= 12 July 2012 |title= Behaviourism |publisher= Oxford Dictionaries |access-date= 9 September 2016}}</ref>