Editing Beam steering (section)

== Beam Steering Applications and Emerging Techniques ==
The scope of beam-steering technologies has broadened significantly with innovations that serve both traditional applications and emerging demands in fields such as satellite communication, radar, and 5G networks.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Flores-Vidal |first1=X. |last2=Flament |first2=P. |last3=Durazo |first3=R. |last4=Chavanne |first4=C. |last5=Gurgel |first5=K.-W. |date=2013 |title=High-Frequency Radars: Beamforming Calibrations Using Ships as Reflectors* |journal=Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=638–648 |doi=10.1175/jtech-d-12-00105.1 |issn=0739-0572|doi-access=free |bibcode=2013JAtOT..30..638F }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Jayakrishnan |first1=V M |last2=Vijayan |first2=Deepthy M |chapter=Performance Analysis of Smart Antenna for Marine Communication |date=2020 |title=2020 2nd International Conference on Innovative Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA) |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icimia48430.2020.9074900 |publisher=IEEE |pages=88–91 |doi=10.1109/icimia48430.2020.9074900|isbn=978-1-7281-4167-1 }}</ref> Traditional methods like parabolic reflectors and phased arrays are now complemented by Reflectarray (RA) <ref>{{Cite book |last1=Nayeri |first1=Payam |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118846728 |title=Reflectarray Antennas |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Elsherbeni |first3=Atef Z. |date=2018-02-06 |publisher=Wiley |doi=10.1002/9781118846728 |isbn=978-1-118-84676-6}}</ref> and Transmitarray (TA) <ref>{{Citation |last1=Abdelrahman |first1=Ahmed H. |title=Wideband Transmitarray Antennas |date=2017 |work=Synthesis Lectures on Antennas |pages=95–113 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01541-0_6 |access-date=2024-11-03 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-031-00413-1 |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Elsherbeni |first3=Atef Z. |last4=Nayeri |first4=Payam|doi=10.1007/978-3-031-01541-0_6 }}</ref> antennas. These designs serve as high-gain, planar alternatives with advantages in cost, efficiency, and scalability, meeting modern requirements for compact and lightweight systems. One of the latest approaches in beam steering involves Near-Field Meta-Steering (NFMS),<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Afzal |first1=Muhammad U. |last2=Esselle |first2=Karu P. |date=2017 |title=Steering the Beam of Medium-to-High Gain Antennas Using Near-Field Phase Transformation |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2017.2670612 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=1680–1690 |doi=10.1109/tap.2017.2670612 |bibcode=2017ITAP...65.1680A |issn=0018-926X}}</ref> which uses phase-gradient metasurfaces placed in close proximity to a feed antenna. This method achieves 3D beam steering by employing compact structures that allow wide-angle control over both elevation and azimuth, proving highly effective for systems where space and profile height are restricted. 

Beam steering has also found essential applications in high-speed, interference-free communication for defense and civilian markets. Satellite-based communication systems, for example, require dual-band beam-steering capabilities to handle uplink and downlink data streams simultaneously.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> The development of beam-steering antennas for Satellite Communication on the Move (SOTM) systems<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Esselle |first=Karu P. |chapter=A Brief Overview of Antenna Technologies for Communications-On- The-Move Satellite Communication Mobile Terminals |date=2020-07-05 |title=2020 IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation and North American Radio Science Meeting |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9330396 |publisher=IEEE |pages=1637–1638 |doi=10.1109/ieeeconf35879.2020.9330396|isbn=978-1-7281-6670-4 }}</ref> highlights the need for antennas that are not only efficient but also lightweight, low-profile, and cost-effective. Challenges remain, including addressing cost constraints and achieving higher scanning speeds and wider bandwidths.<ref name=":1" />