Editing Battle of Killiecrankie (section)

==Background==
[[File:John Graham of Claverhouse, 1st Viscount Dundee, &#039;Bonnie Dundee&#039; by Peter Lely.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|[[John Graham, 1st Viscount Dundee|Viscount Dundee]], Jacobite commander killed at Killiecrankie]]

Despite his personal [[Catholicism]], in February 1685 [[James II of England|James II & VII]] succeeded his brother [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] with widespread support from the [[Protestant]] majorities in both [[Kingdom of England|England]] and [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]]. Memories of the 1638-to-1651 [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] meant many feared the consequences of bypassing the 'natural heir', and refused to support either the [[Monmouth Rebellion]] or [[Argyll's Rising]] in June 1685.{{sfn|Miller|1978|pp=156–157}}

By 1680, over 95% of Scots belonged to the [[Church of Scotland]], or "kirk". Catholics numbered less than 2% of the population and even other Protestant sects were barred.{{sfn|Baker|2009|pp=290–291}} The 1681 Scottish Test Act required holders of public office to be members of the kirk; James' attempts to repeal it undermined his own supporters, while rewarding the dissident [[Presbyterian polity|Presbyterians]] who backed Argyll.{{sfn|Harris|2007|pp=153–157}}

In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis, the first being the birth of [[James Francis Edward Stuart|James Francis Edward]] on 10 June. This created the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, rather than James being succeeded by his Protestant daughter [[Mary II of England|Mary]], and her husband [[William III of England|William of Orange]]. The second was the prosecution of the [[Seven Bishops]], which seemed to extend official policy beyond mere tolerance for Catholicism to an assault on the established church. Their acquittal on 30 June destroyed James' political authority in both Scotland and England.{{sfn|Harris|2007|pp=235-236}}

[[File:Sir Ewen Cameron.jpg|upright=0.8|right|thumb|[[Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel]]]]

In 1685, many feared a return to civil war if James were bypassed; by 1688, anti-Catholic riots made it seem only his removal could prevent one.{{sfn|Womersley|2015|p=189}} William landed in [[Brixham]] on 5 November with 14,000 men; as he advanced, James' army deserted, and he went into exile on 23 December. The [[Parliament of England]] offered the English throne to William and Mary in February 1689.{{sfn|Harris|2007|pp=3-5}}

On 14 March, a [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention]] met in Edinburgh to agree a settlement for Scotland. The Convention was dominated by supporters of the new administration, with 'Jacobites' restricted to those linked to James by religion or personal ties.{{sfn|Coward|1980|p=459}} However, the number of activists on either side was tiny, the vast majority being unenthusiastic about either option. On 12 March, James landed [[Williamite War in Ireland|in Ireland]], and the Convention offered the Scottish throne to William and Mary on 11 April. On the following day, Dundee raised the Royal Standard on [[Dundee Law]].{{sfn|Lenman|1995|pp=35-38}}