Editing Baroque (section)

==Origin of the word==
[[File:Pendant in the form of a siren MET DT7173.jpg|thumb|Pendant in the form of a [[siren (mythology)|siren]], made of a [[baroque pearl]] (the torso) with enameled gold mounts set with rubies, probably {{circa|1860}}, in the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] (New York City, New York).]]

The English word ''baroque'' comes directly from the [[French language|French]]. Some scholars state that the French word originated from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] term {{lang|pt|barroco}} 'a flawed pearl', pointing to the [[Latin]] {{lang|la|verruca}} 'wart',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dicionarioetimologico.com.br/barroco/ |title=Origem da palavra BARROCO |website=Dicionário Etimológico}}</ref> or to a word with the [[Romance languages|Romance]] suffix {{lang|roa|-ǒccu}} (common in [[pre-Roman Iberia]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque |title=BAROQUE: Etymologie de BAROQUE |publisher={{lang|fr|[[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]]|italic=no}} |quote={{lang|fr|italic=unset|empr. au port. {{lang|pt|barroco}} «&thinsp;rocher granitique&thinsp;» et «&thinsp;perle irrégulière&thinsp;», attesté dep. le xiii<sup>e</sup> s. sous la forme {{lang|pt|barroca}} (''Inquisitiones'', p. 99, ''Portugaliae Monumenta Historica'', 1856 sqq. dans Mach.), d'orig. obsc., prob. préromane en raison du suff. -ǒccu très répandu sur le territoire ibérique}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Baroque|volume=3|short=x}}</ref> Other sources suggest a [[Medieval Latin]] term used in logic, {{lang|la-x-medieval|[[baroco]]}}, as the most likely source.<ref name="Baroque Poetics">Robert Hudson Vincent, {{Cite journal |url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/modern-language-quarterly/article-abstract/80/3/233/139274 |title=Baroco: The Logic of English Baroque Poetics |date=September 2019 |doi=10.1215/00267929-7569598 |last1=Vincent |first1=Robert Hudson |journal=[[Modern Language Quarterly]] |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=233–259 |s2cid=202373825}}</ref>

In the 16th century the Medieval Latin word {{lang|la-x-medieval|baroco}} moved beyond [[scholastic logic]] and came into use to characterise anything that seemed absurdly complex. The French philosopher {{Lang|fr|[[Michel de Montaigne]]|italic=no}} (1533–1592) helped to give the term {{lang|frm|baroco}} (spelled {{lang|frm|Barroco}} by him) the meaning 'bizarre, uselessly complicated'.<ref name="BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrtl.fr/etymologie/baroque |title=BAROQUE: Etymologie de BAROQUE |publisher={{lang|fr|[[Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales]]|italic=no}} |access-date=2019-01-04}}</ref> Other early sources associate {{lang|frm|baroco}} with magic, complexity, confusion, and excess.<ref name="Baroque Poetics" />

The word ''baroque'' was also associated with irregular pearls before the 18th century. The French {{lang|fr|baroque}} and Portuguese {{lang|pt|barroco}} were terms often associated with jewelry. An example from 1531 uses the term to describe pearls in an inventory of [[Charles V of France]]'s treasures.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=CMdwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PR28&lpg Michael Meere, ''French Renaissance and Baroque Drama: Text, Performance, Theory''], Rowman & Littlefield, 2015, {{ISBN|1-61149-549-0}}</ref> Later, the word appears in a 1694 edition of {{Lang|fr|[[Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française]]}}, which describes ''baroque'' as "only used for pearls that are imperfectly round."<ref>"se dit seulement des perles qui sont d'une rondeur fort imparfaite". [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/3/1385/ Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française (1694)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608155119/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/3/1385/ |date=8 June 2020}}</ref> A 1728 Portuguese dictionary similarly describes {{lang|pt|barroco}} as relating to a "coarse and uneven pearl".<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dicionarios.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionario/1/barroca |title=Vocabulario Portuguez & Latino |last=Bluteau |first=Raphael |date=1728 |volume=2 |page=58 |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102094518/http://dicionarios.bbm.usp.br/pt-br/dicionario/1/barroca }}</ref>

An alternative derivation of the word ''baroque'' points to the name of the Italian painter [[Federico Barocci]] (1528–1612).<ref>{{cite dictionary |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/baroque#etymonline_v_5258 |title=Baroque |dictionary=Online Etymological Dictionary |access-date=December 31, 2018 |quote=But Klein suggests the name may be from Italian painter Federico Barocci (1528–1612), whose work influenced the style.}}</ref>

In the 18th century the term began to be used to describe music, and not in a flattering way. In an anonymous satirical review of the première of {{Lang|fr|[[Jean-Philippe Rameau]]|italic=no}}'s {{Lang|fr|[[Hippolyte et Aricie]]}} in October 1733, which was printed in the {{Lang|fr|[[Mercure de France]]}} in May 1734, the critic wrote that the novelty in this opera was "{{lang|fr|du barocque}}", complaining that the music lacked coherent melody, was unsparing with dissonances, constantly changed key and meter, and speedily ran through every compositional device.<ref>Claude V. Palisca, "Baroque". ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', second edition, edited by [[Stanley Sadie]] and [[John Tyrrell (professor of music)|John Tyrrell]] (London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001).</ref>

In 1762 {{Lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française}} recorded that the term could figuratively describe something "irregular, bizarre or unequal".<ref>"se dit aussi au figuré, pour irrégulier, bizarre, inégale." [https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/8/3310/ Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française (1762)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228164119/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/8/3310/ |date=28 December 2019}}</ref>

[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], who was a musician and composer as well as a philosopher, wrote in the {{Lang|fr|[[Encyclopédie]]}} in 1768: "Baroque music is that in which the harmony is confused, and loaded with modulations and dissonances. The singing is harsh and unnatural, the intonation difficult, and the movement limited. It appears that term comes from the word 'baroco' used by logicians."<ref name="BAROQUE : Etymologie de BAROQUE" /><ref name="Encyclopedie">''Encyclopedie''; ''Lettre sur la Musique Française'' under the direction of [[Denis Diderot]]</ref>

In 1788 {{Lang|fr|[[Quatremère de Quincy]]|italic=no}} defined the term in the {{Lang|fr|[[Encyclopédie Méthodique]]}} as "an architectural style that is highly adorned and tormented".<ref>Quatremère de Quincy, ''Encyclopédie Méthodique'', ''Architecture'', volume 1, cited by B. Migliorini, ''Manierismo, baròcco, rococò'', Rome, 1962, p. 46</ref>

The French terms {{lang|fr|style baroque}} and {{lang|fr|musique baroque}} appeared in {{Lang|fr|Le Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française}} in 1835.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/12/4108/?byte=1867064 |title=dictionnaires d'autrefois public access collection |website=artflsrv03.uchicago.edu |access-date=2019-01-02 |archive-date=21 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821054535/https://artflsrv03.uchicago.edu/philologic4/publicdicos/navigate/12/4108/?byte=1867064 }}</ref> By the mid-19th century, art critics and historians had adopted the term ''baroque'' as a way to ridicule post-Renaissance art. This was the sense of the word as used in 1855 by the leading art historian [[Jacob Burckhardt]], who wrote that baroque artists "despised and abused detail" because they lacked "respect for tradition".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Der Cicerone&thinsp;: eine Anleitung zum Genuss der Kunstwerke Italiens |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008298461/page/n377 |last=Burckhardt |first=Jacob |date=1855 |publisher=Schweighauser |page=356 |oclc=315796790}}</ref>

In 1888 the art historian [[Heinrich Wölfflin]] published the first serious academic work on the style, ''Renaissance und Barock'', which described the differences between the painting, sculpture, and architecture of the Renaissance and the Baroque.<ref>Hopkins, Owen, ''Les Styles en Architecture'' (2014), p. 70.</ref>