Editing Barisan Nasional (section)

== History ==
=== Formation ===
Barisan Nasional is the direct successor to the three-party [[Alliance Party (Malaysia)|Alliance]] coalition formed by [[United Malays National Organisation]], [[Malaysian Chinese Association]], and [[Malaysian Indian Congress]]. It was founded in the aftermath of the [[Malaysian general election, 1969|1969 general election]] and the [[13 May Incident|13 May riots]]. The Alliance Party lost ground in the 1969 election to the opposition parties, in particular the two newly formed parties, [[Democratic Action Party (Malaysia)|Democratic Action Party]] and [[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]], as well as [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]]. Although the Alliance won a majority of seats, it gained less than half the popular vote, and the resulting tension between different communities led to the [[13 May incident|May 13 riots]] and the declaration of a state of emergency.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Keat Gin Ooi|title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA139|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-770-2|pages=139–}}</ref> After the Malaysian Parliament reconvened in 1971, negotiations to form a new alliance began with parties such as Gerakan and [[People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)|People's Progressive Party]], both of which joined the Alliance in 1972, quickly followed by [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) in 1973.<ref name="LiowLeifer2014"/>

The Barisan Nasional, which included regional parties from [[Sabah]] and [[Sarawak]] (Sabah Alliance Party, [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party]], [[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu]]), was formally registered in June 1974 as a coalition of nine parties.<ref name="cheah">{{Cite book|author=Cheah Boon Kheng|title=Malaysia: The Making of a Nation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Owo39zRMQbwC&pg=PA147|year=2002|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-175-8|pages=147–}}</ref> It contested the [[Malaysian general election, 1974|1974 general election]] as a grand coalition under the leadership of the prime minister [[Tun Abdul Razak]], which it won with considerable success.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Dr Nam-Kook Kim|title=Multicultural Challenges and Redefining Identity in East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Fe8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219|date=28 February 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4724-0233-2|pages=219–}}</ref>

=== 1977–2007 ===
{{Expand section|date=August 2020|small=no}}
In 1977, PAS was expelled from Barisan Nasional following a revolt by PAS within the [[Kelantan State Legislative Assembly|Kelantan state legislature]] against the chief minister appointed by the federal government.<ref name="LiowLeifer2014"/> Barisan Nasional nevertheless won the [[Malaysian general election, 1978|1978 general election]] convincingly, and it continued to dominate Malaysian politics in the 1980s and 1990s despite some losses in state elections, such as the loss of [[Kelantan]] to PAS, and [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly|Sabah]] to [[United Sabah Party]] which later joined Barisan Nasional.

By 2003, Barisan Nasional had grown to a coalition formed of more than a dozen communal parties. It performed particularly well in the [[Malaysian general election, 2004|2004 general election]], winning 198 out of 219 seats.

Although Barisan Nasional never achieved more than 67% of the popular vote in elections from 1974 to 2008, it maintained the consecutive two-thirds majority of seats in this period in the [[Dewan Rakyat]] until the 2008 election, benefitting from Malaysia's [[first-past-the-post]] [[voting system]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303544604576431443001815406|title=Running Scared in Malaysia|author=John R. Malott|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 July 2011|access-date=8 July 2011}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

=== 2008–2018 ===
In the [[Malaysian general election, 2008|2008 general election]], Barisan Nasional lost more than one-third of the [[Parliament of Malaysia|parliamentary]] seats to [[Pakatan Rakyat]], a loose alliance of opposition parties. This marked Barisan's first failure to secure a two-thirds [[supermajority]] in Parliament since 1969. Five state governments, namely [[Selangor]], [[Kelantan]], [[Penang]], [[Perak]] and [[Kedah]] fell to [[Pakatan Rakyat]]. Perak however was later returned via a court ruling following a [[2009 Perak constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]].  Since 2008, the coalition has seen its non-Malay component parties greatly diminished in the peninsula.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-election/malaysia-coalition-extends-rule-despite-worst-electoral-showing-idUSBRE9430B720130505|title=Malaysia coalition extends rule despite worst electoral showing|author1=Stuart Grudgings|author2=Al-Zaquan Amer Hamzah|author3=Niluksi Koswanage|author4=Raju Gopalakrishnan|work=[[Reuters]]|date=5 May 2013|access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

The losses continued in the [[Malaysian general election, 2013|2013 general election]], and it recorded its worst election result at the time. BN regained [[Kedah]] but lost several more seats in Parliament along with the popular vote to Pakatan. Despite winning only 47% of the popular vote, it managed to gain 60% of the 222 parliamentary seats, thereby retaining control of the parliament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21577390-after-tainted-election-victory-najib-razak-needs-show-his-reformist-mettle-dangerous|title=A dangerous result|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=11 May 2013|access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> The [[1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal|1MDB scandal]], which erupted in 2015, further damaged BN's reputation.

And finally, during the [[Malaysian general election, 2018|2018 general election]], Barisan Nasional lost control of the parliament to [[Pakatan Harapan]], winning a total of only 79 parliamentary seats. The crushing defeat ended their 61-year rule of the country, taken together with its predecessor (Alliance), and this paved the way for the first change of government in Malaysian history. The coalition won only 34% of the popular vote amid vote split of [[Malaysian Islamic Party|Islamic Party]]. In addition to their failure in regaining the Penang, Selangor and Kelantan state governments, six state governments, namely [[Johor]], [[Malacca]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], [[Perak]], [[Kedah]] and [[Sabah]] fell to [[Pakatan Harapan]] and [[Parti Warisan Sabah|WARISAN]] (Sabah). The [[Terengganu]] state government also fell but to the [[Gagasan Sejahtera]]. Barisan Nasional was only in power in three states; namely [[Perlis]], [[Pahang]] and [[Sarawak]].

Many of BN's component parties left the coalition following its humiliating defeat at the 2018 general election, reducing its number to 4 compared to 13 before the election.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/09/30/pbrs-will-remain-with-bn-for-now-says-kurup|title=PBRS will remain with BN for now, says Kurup|agency=Free Malaysia Today|date=September 30, 2018}}</ref> These parties either aligned themselves with the new Pakatan Harapan federal government, formed a new state-based pact or remained independent. They include three Sabah-based parties ([[United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation|UPKO]], [[United Sabah Party|PBS]] and [[Liberal Democratic Party (Malaysia)|LDP]]),<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/368460/warisan-now-has-35-seats-enough-form-state-government-shafie-nsttv|title=Warisan now has 35 seats, enough to form state government: Shafie [NSTTV]|author1=Avila Geraldine|author2=Norasikin Daineh|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=11 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2018/05/424813/pbs-keluar-bn-bentuk-gabungan-bersatu|title=PBS keluar BN, bentuk Gabungan Bersatu|language=ms|publisher=Berita Harian|date=12 May 2018|access-date=12 May 2018}}</ref> four Sarawak-based parties ([[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]], [[Sarawak United Peoples' Party|SUPP]], [[Parti Rakyat Sarawak|PRS]] and [[Progressive Democratic Party (Malaysia)|PDP]], which formed a new state-based pact [[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/12/sarawak-bn-parties-pull-out-of-coalition/|title=Sarawak BN parties pull out of coalition to form independent state-based pact|author1=Sharon Ling|author2=Geryl Ogilvy|work=The Star|date=12 June 2018|access-date=12 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/sarawak-parties-leave-barisan-nasional-end-of-coalition-10430826|title=Commentary: Free from the shackles of a fallen coalition, does Sarawak parties leaving spell the end of the Barisan Nasional?|author=Lee Poh Onn|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|date=15 June 2018|access-date=15 June 2018|archive-date=12 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612100628/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/sarawak-parties-leave-barisan-nasional-end-of-coalition-10430826|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Proper name|[[People's Progressive Party (Malaysia)|myPPP]]}} (under Kayveas faction)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/05/371060/myppp-leaves-bn-immediate-effect|title=MyPPP leaves BN with immediate effect|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=19 May 2018|access-date=19 May 2018}}</ref> and [[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]].<ref name="Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2018/06/383177/gerakan-leaves-barisan-nasional|title=Gerakan leaves Barisan Nasional|newspaper=New Straits Times|date=23 June 2018|access-date=23 June 2018}}</ref> {{Proper name|myPPP}} experienced a leadership dispute, with Maglin announcing that the party remained within the coalition and Kayveas announcing that the party had left the coalition, resulting in the dissolution of the party on 14 January 2019.

Among the remaining four component parties in Barisan National, UMNO's parliamentary seats have reduced from 54 to 38 since 16 members of parliament left the party,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/06/24/bagan-serai-mp-quits-umno/|title=Bagan Serai MP quits Umno, pledges support for Pakatan Harapan|author=Ivan Loh|work=The Star|date=24 June 2018|access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/27/bukit-gantang-mp-quits-umno/|title=Bukit Gantang MP quits Umno|work=Free Malaysia Today|date=27 June 2018|access-date=27 June 2018|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101112204/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2018/06/27/bukit-gantang-mp-quits-umno/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/07/01/former-puteri-umno-chief-quits-party/|title=Former Puteri Umno chief quits party, upset with results of polls|work=The Star|date=1 July 2018|access-date=2 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/09/19/mustapa-quits-umno-after-40-years/|title=Mustapa quits Umno after 40 years - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/09/19/anifah-i-quit-umno-in-the-interest-of-sabah-rights/|title=Anifah: I quit Umno in the interest of Sabah rights - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=19 September 2018 |access-date=2018-09-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/10/11/labuan-mp-quits-umno-to-join-warisan/|title=Labuan MP quits Umno to join Warisan - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=11 October 2018 |access-date=2018-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/12/sabah-umno-exodus-begins-with-nine-of-10-assemblymen-leaving-party/|title=Sabah Umno exodus sees nine of 10 Aduns, five of six MPs leave - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|last1=Vanar|first1=Muguntan|last2=Lee|first2=Stephanie|website=www.thestar.com.my|access-date=2018-12-14|last3=Joibi|first3=Natasha|date=12 December 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/12/14/six-umno-mps-leave-the-party/|title=Six Umno MPs leave the party - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=14 December 2018 |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref> while MCA's parliamentary seat maintains one. MIC's parliamentary seats have reduced from two to one after the Election Court nullified the results of the election for the [[Cameron Highlands (federal constituency)|Cameron Highlands federal constituency]] due to bribery,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2018/11/30/court-nullifies-bns-ge14-victory-for-cameron-highlands-seat/|title=Court nullifies BN's GE14 victory for Cameron Highlands seat (Updated) - Nation {{!}} The Star Online|last=Hamdan|first=Nurbaiti|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=30 November 2018 |access-date=2018-12-14}}</ref> but BN regained its seat from a direct member under the [[2019 Cameron Highlands by-election|2019 by-election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesundaily.my/local/bn-retains-cameron-highlands-parliamentary-seat-AN438741|title=BN retains Cameron Highlands parliamentary seat|website=www.thesundaily.my|language=en|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>

As a result of these developments, BN's parliamentary seats have reduced to 41, compared with 79 seats that BN won in the general election.

MCA and MIC made a statement in March 2019 that they want to "move on" and find a new alliance following disputes with the secretary-general, [[Nazri Abdul Aziz]]. Mohamad Hasan, the acting BN chairman, chaired a Supreme Council meeting in which all parties showed no consensus on dissolving the coalition.

=== 2019–present ===
In January 2019, all Sabah [[UMNO]] branches including Sabah BN branches were dissolved and officially closed, leaving only one BN branch open. This brings the total BN seats in [[Sabah]] to only 2 seats.

Since 2019, Barisan Nasional recovered some ground and won a number of by-elections, such as the [[2019 Cameron Highlands by-election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 26, 2019 |title=PRK Cameron Highlands: Ramli cipta sejarah |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/01/524419/prk-cameron-highlands-ramli-cipta-sejarah |website=bharian.com}}</ref> [[2019 Semenyih by-election]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=BN tawan semula DUN Semenyih |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/03/536745/bn-tawan-semula-dun-semenyih |website=bharian.com|date=2 March 2019 }}</ref> [[2019 Rantau by-election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 13, 2019 |title=BN kekal kuasai DUN Rantau |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/politik/2019/04/552669/bn-kekal-kuasai-dun-rantau |website=bharian.com}}</ref> and [[2019 Tanjung Piai by-election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2019 |title=BN tawan semula Tanjung Piai |url=https://www.bharian.com.my/berita/nasional/2019/11/629147/bn-tawan-semula-tanjung-piai |website=bharian.com}}</ref> defeating Pakatan Harapan.

In September 2019, UMNO decided to form a pact with the [[Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party]] (PAS) called [[Muafakat Nasional]]. Its main purpose is to unite the Malay Muslim communities for electoral purposes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://themalaysianreserve.com/2019/09/18/whats-next-for-piagam-muafakat-nasional/ |title= What's next for Piagam Muafakat Nasional? |date=18 September 2019 |work=The Malaysian Reserve }}</ref>  There was however no formal agreement with the other parties of Barisan Nasional, although there were calls for Barisan Nasional to migrate to Muafakat Nasional.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2019/11/543468/mcas-future-muafakat-nasional-remains-unclear |title=MCA's future in Muafakat Nasional remains unclear |date=30 November 2019|work=New Straits Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/calls-in-umno-for-barisan-nasional-to-migrate-to-muafakat-nasional |title=Calls in Umno for Barisan Nasional to 'migrate' to Muafakat Nasional |date=5 December 2019 |work=The Straits Times |author=Reme Ahmad}}</ref>  Barisan Nasional continued to  function as a coalition of four parties comprising UMNO, MCA, MIC and [[Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah|PBRS]] but aligned themselves with [[Perikatan Nasional]] to form a new government in March 2020 after the collapse of the [[Pakatan Harapan]] government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2020/03/571665/perikatan-nasional-coalition-set-joint-secretariat |title=Perikatan Nasional coalition to set up joint secretariat |work=New Straits Times |author=Adib Povera|date=4 March 202 }}</ref> Barisan Nasional form a new government on 15 August 2021 with [[Perikatan Nasional]] after the collapse of the [[Perikatan Nasional]] government.

Barisan Nasional also recovered control of the Johor,<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/hasni-mohammad-angkat-sumpah-mb-johor-232053?amp |title=Hasni Mohammad angkat sumpah MB Johor |language=ms |trans-title=Hasni Mohammad take the oath as Johor's MB |work=Astro Awani |date=28 February 2020 |access-date=28 February 2020}}</ref> Malacca<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/sulaiman-md-ali-angkat-sumpah-ketua-menteri-melaka-ke-12-232991 |title=Sulaiman Md Ali angkat sumpah Ketua Menteri Melaka ke-12 |language=ms |trans-title=Sulaiman Md Ali take the oath as the 12th Chief Minister of Malacca |work=Astro Awani |date=9 March 2020 |access-date=9 March 2020}}</ref> and Perak<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/educationist-menteri-besar-272468| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210121213056/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-malaysia/educationist-menteri-besar-272468| archive-date = 2021-01-21| title = From an educationist, to a Menteri Besar {{!}} Astro Awani}}</ref> state governments.

On 20 November 2021, Barisan Nasional won a [[two-thirds majority]] of 21 out of 28 seats in the [[Malacca State Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/rasmi-sah-bn-tawan-semula-melaka-331991| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211120152942/https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/rasmi-sah-bn-tawan-semula-melaka-331991| archive-date = 2021-11-20| title = RASMI: Sah! BN tawan semula Melaka {{!}} Astro Awani}}</ref>

On 12 March 2022, Barisan gained a landslide victory in the [[2022 Johor state election]], allowing it to form the much more stable Johor state government with a [[two-thirds majority]] in the [[Johor State Legislative Assembly]], which is 40 out of 56 seats while defeating Pakatan Harapan with 12 seats, Perikatan Nasional with 3 seats and Malaysian United Democratic Alliance with 1 seat.

==== 2022 election ====
In the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 election]], BN faced the worst result in its history, winning 30 out of 222 seats, compared to 82 and 74 seats for Pakatan Harapan and Perikatan Nasional respectively.<ref name="worst">{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= 'End of an era' for Malaysia's Barisan Nasional, after corruption issues hurt candidates at GE15: Analysts|url= https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-ge15-end-era-barisan-nasional-3087531|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> Several key figures including  [[Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah]], [[Mahdzir Khalid]], [[Azeez Rahim]], [[Tengku Zafrul Aziz]], and [[Khairy Jamaluddin]], lost to either PN or PH candidates in their own constituencies.<ref name="worst" /><ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PRU15: Nama besar antara yang tewas|url= https://mediavariasi.com/2022/11/pru15-nama-besar-antara-yang-tewas/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PRU15: BN kecundang di Tanjong Karang|url= https://www.astroawani.com/berita-politik/pru15-bn-kecundang-di-tanjong-karang-392569|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= [Rasmi] Azeez Rahim kalah kepada calon PN di Baling|url= https://www.utusan.com.my/nasional/2022/11/rasmi-azeez-rahim-kalah-kepada-calon-pn-di-baling/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> BN also lost several state elections held in [[Pahang]] and [[Perak]] and won no seats in [[Perlis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= PN brings BN to its knees in Perlis|url= https://harakahdaily.net/index.php/2022/11/20/pn-brings-bn-to-its-knees-in-perlis/|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> [[Ahmad Zahid Hamidi]], the party president, was re-elected with a slim majority of 348, high decrease from [[2018 Malaysian general election]] which he won with majority of 5073 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 20 November 2022|title= GE15: Zahid retains Bagan Datuk with slim majority|url= https://www.nst.com.my/news/politics/2022/11/852833/ge15-zahid-retains-bagan-datuk-slim-majority|access-date= 21 November 2022}}</ref> The election produced a [[hung parliament]], but BN decided to support the biggest coalition [[Pakatan Harapan]] and was rewarded with cabinet posts in the government.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/barisan-nasional-umno-ahmad-zahid-anwar-3103801 |title=Barisan Nasional to support the Dec 19 vote of confidence for Malaysia PM Anwar |date=27 November 2022 |work=Channel News Asia }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/cabinet-posts-for-barisan-nasional-a-trust-not-the-spoils-of-war-says-malaysian-dpm-zahid |title=Cabinet posts for Barisan Nasional a trust, not the spoils of war, says Malaysian DPM Zahid |date=3 December 2022 |work=The Straits Times }}</ref>