Editing Bamberg (section)

==History==
{{Quote box|width=20em|align=left|bgcolor=GhostWhite
|title=Historical affiliations
|quote=[[File:Wappen Bamberg bis.svg|15px]] [[Prince-Bishopric of Bamberg]] 1245–1802<br>
{{flag|Electorate of Bavaria}} 1802–1805<br>
{{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}} 1805–1918<br>
{{flag|German Empire}} 1871–1918<br>
{{flag|Weimar Republic}} 1918–1933<br>
{{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1933–1945<br>
{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}} 1945–1949<br>
{{flag|West Germany}} 1949–1990<br>
{{flag|Germany}} 1990–present
}}
[[File:Dankaerts-Historis-9331.tif|thumb|17th century 3D-map of Bamberg. [[Matthias Merian]] in Danckerts, ''Historis'', 1632]]
During the post-[[Roman Empire|Roman]] centuries of Germanic migration and settlement, the region later included in the [[Diocese of Bamberg]] was inhabited for the most part by [[Slavs]]. The town, first mentioned in 902, grew up by the castle ''{{lang|de|Babenberch}}'' which gave its name to the [[Babenberg]] family. On their extinction, it passed to the [[Saxony|Saxon]] house.<ref name="EB1911">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Bamberg|volume=3|pages=301–302}}</ref> The area was Christianized chiefly by the monks of the [[Rule of St. Benedict|Benedictine]] [[Fulda Abbey]], and the land was under the spiritual authority of the [[Diocese of Würzburg]]. In 1007, [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry II]] made Bamberg a family inheritance, the seat of a separate [[diocese]]. The Emperor's purpose in this was to make the Diocese of Würzburg less unwieldy in size and to give Christianity a firmer footing in the districts of [[Franconia]], east of Bamberg.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

In 1008, after long negotiations with the Bishops of Würzburg and [[Diocese of Eichstätt|Eichstätt]], who were to cede portions of their dioceses, the boundaries of the new diocese were defined, and [[Pope John XVIII]] granted the papal confirmation in the same year. Henry II ordered the building of a new [[Bamberg Cathedral|cathedral]], which was consecrated on 6 May 1012. The church was enriched with gifts from the pope, and Henry had it dedicated in honor of him. In 1017, Henry founded [[Michaelsberg Abbey, Bamberg|Michaelsberg Abbey]] on the Michaelsberg ("Mount St Michael"), near Bamberg, a Benedictine abbey for the training of the clergy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}} The emperor and his wife, [[Cunigunde of Luxemburg|Kunigunde]], gave large temporal possessions to the new diocese, and it received many privileges out of which grew the secular power of the bishop. Pope Benedict VIII visited Bamberg in 1020<ref name=BAM1>{{cite book |title=Bamberg – For Newcomers and old friends |last=Dengler-Schreibe |first=Karin |publisher=Heinrichs-Verlag GmbH, Bamberg |isbn=9783898891066 |page=7 |work=Reference to the visit to Bamberg by Pope Benedict VIII in 1020 |year=2002}}</ref> to meet Henry II for discussions concerning the Holy Roman Empire. While he was there he placed the diocese in direct dependence on the [[Holy See]]. He also personally consecrated some of Bamberg's churches. For a short time Bamberg was the centre of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Henry and Kunigunde were both buried in the cathedral.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - BAMBERGA.png|thumb|left|Woodcut of Bamberg from the ''[[Nuremberg Chronicle]]'', 1493]]
[[Image:Bamberger Dom BW 6.JPG|thumb|[[Bamberg Cathedral]]]]
[[Image:Bamberg-Schlenkerla1-Asio.JPG|thumb|The [[Schlenkerla]], one of Bamberg's breweries and taverns]]
[[Image:Bamberg-AlteHofhaltung2-Asio.JPG|thumb|The old palace ({{lang|de|Alte Hofhaltung}})]]
From the middle of the 13th century onwards, the bishops were princes of the Empire<ref name="EB1911"/> and ruled Bamberg, overseeing the construction of monumental buildings. In 1248 and 1260, the see obtained large portions of the estates of the [[Duke of Merania|Counts of Meran]], partly through purchase and partly through the appropriation of extinguished fiefs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The old [[Bishopric of Bamberg]] was composed of an unbroken territory extending from [[Schlüsselfeld]] in a northeasterly direction to the [[Franconian Forest]], and possessed in addition estates in the Duchies of [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] and [[Salzburg]], in the [[Nordgau (Bavaria)|Nordgau]] (the present [[Upper Palatinate]]), in [[Thuringia]], and on the [[Danube]]. By the changes resulting from the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]], the territory of this see was reduced by nearly one half in extent. Since 1279 the [[coat of arms of the city of Bamberg]] is known in the form of a seal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2022}}

The [[Bamberg witch trials|witch trials]] of the 17th century claimed about one thousand victims in Bamberg, reaching a climax between 1626 and 1631, under the rule of [[Prince-Bishop]] Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim.<ref name=SZ_2012>{{cite web |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/hexenverbrennung-in-bamberg-im-bund-mit-dem-teufel-1.1483030 |title=Im Bund mit dem Teufel |date=October 2012 |quote=Anfang des 17. Jahrhunderts wurden in Bamberg binnen 20 Jahren tausend Menschen verbrannt, weil sie angeblich einen Bund mit dem Teufel geschlossen hatten.}}</ref> The famous ''[[Drudenhaus (prison)|Drudenhaus]]'' (witch prison), built in 1627, is no longer standing today; however, detailed accounts of some cases, such as that of [[Johannes Junius]], remain.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://history.hanover.edu/texts/bamberg.html |title=The Witch Persecution at Bamberg |access-date=26 August 2007 |publisher=[[Hanover College]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819170934/http://history.hanover.edu/texts/bamberg.html |archive-date=19 August 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1647, the [[University of Bamberg]] was founded as ''{{lang|la|Academia Bambergensis}}''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.uni-bamberg.de/en/studies/general-information/the-university-of-bamberg-and-its-surroundings/ |title=The University of Bamberg and its Surroundings - Studies |access-date=2 June 2017 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518135401/https://www.uni-bamberg.de/en/studies/general-information/the-university-of-bamberg-and-its-surroundings/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Bambrzy]] (''{{lang|de|Posen Bambergers}}'') are German [[Polish people|Poles]] who are descended from settlers from the Bamberg area who settled in villages around [[Poznań]] in the years 1719–1753. In 1759, the possessions and jurisdictions of the diocese situated in [[Austria]] were sold to that state. When the secularization of church lands took place (1802) the diocese covered {{cvt|3305|km2|sqmi}} and had a population of 207,000. Bamberg thus lost its independence in 1802, becoming part of [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] in 1803.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bamberg {{!}} Breweries, Cathedral, Old Town {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bamberg-Germany |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The free state of Bavaria and the Federal Republic of Germany gave protections to Bamberg, though the city does handle its own management of properties.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Town of Bamberg |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/624/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

Bamberg was first connected to the German rail system in 1844, which has been an important part of its infrastructure ever since. After a communist uprising took control over Bavaria in the years following [[World War I]], the state government fled to Bamberg and stayed there for almost two years before the Bavarian capital of [[Munich]] was retaken by ''[[Freikorps]]'' units (see [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]]). The first republican constitution of Bavaria was passed in Bamberg, becoming known as the ''Bamberger Verfassung'' (Bamberg Constitution).<ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Free State of Bavaria ("Bamberger Verfassung"), 1919 |url=https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-CMS-0000000000003678?locale=en&p=&lang=en}}</ref>

In February 1926 Bamberg served as the venue for the [[Bamberg Conference]], convened by [[Adolf Hitler]] in his attempt to foster unity and to stifle dissent within the then-young [[Nazi party]]. Bamberg was chosen for its location in Upper Franconia, reasonably close to the residences of the members of the dissident northern Nazi faction but still within Bavaria.<ref>''See generally'' {{cite book |last=Kershaw |first=Ian |isbn=0-393-04671-0 |author-link=Ian Kershaw |title=Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris |location=New York |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers/page/274 274–78] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers/page/274}} ''See also'' {{cite book |last=Toland |first=John |title=Adolf Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitler02tola |url-access=registration |author-link=John Toland (author) |publisher=Doubleday & Company |year=1976 |location=New York |pages=213–18 |isbn=0-385-03724-4}}</ref>

During the [[Bombing of Bamberg]], the city was hit a total of nine times by Allied warplanes between 1944 and 1945. While Bamberg was not attacked as badly as nearby [[Nuremberg]], 4.4% of the city ended up being destroyed and 378 civilians died. The biggest and deadliest bombing run happened on February 22, 1945. In the afternoon, American planes attacked the Bamberg railway station and surroundings with bombs. Because of poor visibility, the bombs were also dropped over residential houses, killing a total of 216 civilians and causing many houses between Oberer Stephansberg and Oberer Kaulberg to be damaged or destroyed as a result. The inner city was also hit, particularly in the Obstmarkt, Lange Straße, Grüner Markt and Keßlerstraße.<ref>[https://www.augias.net/2015/02/23/anet8166/ 'Vom Krieg verschont? Das Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs 1945 in Bamberg'] - ''AUGIAS.net'', retrieved on October 2, 2024</ref><ref>[https://hdbg.eu/wiederaufbau/orte/detail/bamberg/43 'Bamberg'] - ''Atlas Zum Wiederaufbau'', retrieved on October 2, 2024</ref> Three significant landmarks in the city were hit: the [[Erlöserkirche, Bamberg|Erlöserkirche]] or ''Church of the Redeemer'' at the Kunigundendamm which was almost completely destroyed (only the tower remained), the historic Altane on the Grüner Markt and the Alte Maut or Old Toll. A follow-up attack was planned for February 23, but ultimately cancelled due to bad weather.<ref>[https://www.stadt.bamberg.de/Unsere-Stadt/Bombennacht-im-Februar-1945-hallt-nach.php?object=tx,3481.6&ModID=7&FID=3481.22065.1&NavID=2730.2&La=1 'Bombennacht im Februar 1945 hallt nach'] - ''Stadt Bamberg'', retrieved on October 2, 2024</ref> After that, low-flying Allied aircraft continued to attack Bamberg, threatening large gatherings of people and sometimes also dropping leaflets mocking National Socialism and its propaganda. Another 67 people died as a result of these attacks.<ref>[https://www.historisches-forum.bayern.de/fileadmin/user_upload/historisches_forum/Texte/Archivprojekte_-_Fundus/Oberfranken/bamberg_stunde_null_01_konzeption.pdf 'Die "Stunde Null" in Bamberg Überleben und Wiederaufbau nach dem Krieg'] - ''Stadtarchiv Bamberg'', retrieved on October 2, 2024</ref> The city fell with little resistance to American troops on the 14th of April, despite the use of explosives on all of the bridges to the city by the retreating German forces. After the war had ended, reconstruction efforts began.

===Historical population===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Population
|-
|1818
|17,000
|-
|1885
|31,521
|-
|1905
|45,308
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
|+Largest groups of foreign residents
|-
! scope="col" | Nationality
! scope="col" | Population (2013)
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}||1,076
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}||359
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}||232
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}||119
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}||115
|-
|}