Editing Bali (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bali}}

=== Ancient ===
{{Main|Bali Kingdom}}
[[File:Bali panorama.jpg|thumb|[[Subak (irrigation)|Subak]] irrigation system, has existed since the 9th century.|left]]
Bali was inhabited around 2000 BC by [[Austronesian people]] who migrated originally from the island of [[Taiwan]] to Southeast Asia and [[Oceania]] through [[Maritime Southeast Asia]].<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], pp. 5, 7</ref><ref name=Hinzler /> Culturally and linguistically, the Balinese are closely related to the people of the [[Indonesia]]n archipelago, [[Malaysia]], [[Brunei]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Oceania]].<ref name=Hinzler /> Stone tools dating from this time have been found near the village of Cekik in the island's west.<ref>[[#Taylor|Taylor]], p. 12</ref><ref name=Lonely />

In ancient Bali, nine Hindu sects existed, the [[Pashupata Shaivism|Pasupata]], [[Bhairawa]], Siwa Shidanta, [[Vaishnava]], [[Bodha]], [[Brahma]], Resi, Sora and [[Ganapatya]]. Each sect revered a specific deity as its personal Godhead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/28/the-birthplace-balinese-hinduism.html |title=The birthplace of Balinese Hinduism |work=The Jakarta Post |date=28 April 2011 |access-date=30 December 2012}}</ref>

Inscriptions from 896 and 911 do not mention a king, until 914, when Sri Kesarivarma is mentioned. They also reveal an independent Bali, with a distinct dialect, where [[Buddhism]] and [[Sivaism|Shaivism]] were practised simultaneously. [[Mpu Sindok]]'s great-granddaughter, [[Mahendradatta]] (Gunapriyadharmapatni), married the Bali king [[Udayana Warmadewa]] (Dharmodayanavarmadeva) around 989, giving birth to [[Airlangga]] around 1001. This marriage also brought more [[Hinduism]] and Javanese culture to Bali. Princess Sakalendukirana appeared in 1098. Suradhipa reigned from 1115 to 1119, and Jayasakti from 1146 until 1150. Jayapangus appears on inscriptions between 1178 and 1181, while Adikuntiketana and his son Paramesvara in 1204.<ref name=indianized>{{Cite book
 | last =   Cœdès
 | first = George
 | author-link = Georges Coedès
 | title = The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press
 | year = 1968
 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC
 | isbn =978-0-8248-0368-1 }}</ref>{{rp|129,144,168,180}}

Balinese culture was strongly influenced by Indian, Chinese, and particularly [[Hindu]] culture, beginning around the 1st century AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Balinese {{!}} Culture, Religion & Language {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Balinese-people |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The name ''Bali dwipa'' ("Bali island") has been discovered from various inscriptions, including the Blanjong pillar inscription written by [[Sri Kesari Warmadewa]] in 914 AD and mentioning '''Walidwipa'''. It was during this time that the people developed their complex irrigation system ''[[Subak (irrigation)|subak]]'' to grow rice in [[wet-field cultivation]]. Some religious and cultural traditions still practised today can be traced to this period.

The Hindu-Buddhist [[Majapahit Empire]] (1293–1520 AD) on eastern [[Java (island)|Java]] founded a Balinese colony in 1343. The uncle of [[Hayam Wuruk]] is mentioned in the charters of 1384–86. Mass Javanese immigration to Bali occurred in the next century when the Majapahit Empire fell in 1520.<ref name=indianized />{{rp|234,240}} Bali's government then became an independent collection of Hindu kingdoms which led to a Balinese national identity and major enhancements in culture, arts, and economy. The nation with various kingdoms became independent for up to 386 years until 1906 when the Dutch subjugated and repulsed the natives for economic control and took it over.<ref>[[#Barski|Barski]], p. 46</ref>

=== Portuguese contacts ===
The first known [[European ethnic groups|European]] contact with Bali is thought to have been made in 1512, when a Portuguese expedition led by Antonio Abreu and [[Francisco Serrão]] sighted its northern shores. It was the first expedition of a series of bi-annual fleets to the Moluccas, that throughout the 16th century travelled along the coasts of the Sunda Islands. Bali was also mapped in 1512, in the chart of Francisco Rodrigues, aboard the expedition.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Cortesão
 | first = Jaime
 | title = Esparsos, Volume III
 | publisher = Universidade de Coimbra Biblioteca Geral
 | year = 1975
 | location = Coimbra
| page = 288 }}  "...''passing the island of 'Balle', on whose heights the nau Sabaia, of Francisco Serrão, was lost''" – from Antonio de Abreu, and in [[João de Barros]] and Antonio Galvão's chronicles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbNS0LHn60C&pg=PA288 Google Books]</ref> In 1585, a ship foundered off the [[Bukit Peninsula]] and left a few Portuguese in the service of [[Dewa Agung]].<ref>Hanna, Willard A. (2004) ''Bali Chronicles''. Periplus, Singapore, {{ISBN|0-7946-0272-X}}, p. 32</ref>

=== Dutch East Indies ===
{{See also|Dutch East Indies}}
[[File:1906 Puputan monument in Denpasar.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Puputan]] monument|left]]
In 1597, the Dutch merchant-explorer [[Cornelis de Houtman]] arrived at Bali, and the [[Dutch East India Company]] was established in 1602. The Dutch government expanded its control across the Indonesian archipelago during the second half of the 19th century. Dutch political and economic control over Bali began in the 1840s on the island's north coast when the Dutch pitted various competing Balinese realms against each other.<ref name="ctpqur" /> In the late 1890s, struggles between Balinese kingdoms on the island's south were exploited by the Dutch to increase their control.

In June 1860, the famous Welsh naturalist, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]], travelled to Bali from [[British Singapore|Singapore]], landing at [[Buleleng, Bali|Buleleng]] on the north coast of the island. Wallace's trip to Bali was instrumental in helping him devise his [[Wallace Line]] theory. The Wallace Line is a faunal boundary that runs through the strait between Bali and [[Lombok]]. It is a boundary between species. In his travel memoir ''[[The Malay Archipelago]],'' Wallace wrote of his experience in Bali, which has a strong mention of the [[Subak (irrigation)|unique Balinese irrigation methods]]:

<blockquote>I was astonished and delighted; as my visit to Java was some years later, I had never beheld so beautiful and well-cultivated a district out of Europe. A slightly undulating plain extends from the seacoast about {{convert|10|or|12|mi|km|spell=in|abbr=off}} inland, where it is bounded by a fine range of wooded and cultivated hills. Houses and villages, marked out by dense clumps of [[coconut palms]], [[tamarind]] and other fruit trees, are dotted about in every direction; while between them extend luxurious rice grounds, watered by an elaborate system of irrigation that would be the pride of the best-cultivated parts of Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wallace|first=Alfred Russel|title=The Malay Archipelago|year=1869|isbn=978-0-7946-0563-6|page=116|publisher=Periplus Editions (HK) Limited }}</ref> </blockquote>

The Dutch mounted large naval and ground [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1906)|assaults at the Sanur region]] in 1906 and were met by the thousands of members of the royal family and their followers who rather than yield to the superior Dutch force committed ritual suicide (''[[puputan]]'') to avoid the humiliation of surrender.<ref name="ctpqur" /> Despite Dutch demands for surrender, an estimated 200 Balinese killed themselves rather than surrender.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], p. 38.</ref> In the [[Dutch intervention in Bali (1908)|Dutch intervention in Bali]], a similar mass suicide occurred in the face of a Dutch assault in [[Klungkung]]. Afterwards, the Dutch governours exercised administrative control over the island, but local control over religion and culture generally remained intact. Dutch rule over Bali came later and was never as well established as in other parts of Indonesia such as Java and [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]].

In the 1930s, anthropologists [[Margaret Mead]] and [[Gregory Bateson]], artists [[Miguel Covarrubias]] and [[Walter Spies]], and musicologist [[Colin McPhee]] all spent time here. Their accounts of the island and its peoples created a western image of Bali as "an enchanted land of [[aesthetes]] at peace with themselves and nature". Soon after, Western tourists began to visit the island.<ref name=Friend>Friend, Theodore. ''Indonesian Destinies'', Harvard University Press, 2003 {{ISBN|0-674-01137-6}}, p. 111.</ref> The sensuous image of Bali was enhanced in the West by a quasi-pornographic 1932 documentary ''Virgins of Bali'' about a day in the lives of two teenage Balinese girls who the film's narrator Deane Dickason notes in the first scene "bathe their shamelessly nude bronze bodies".<ref name=doherty>Doherty, Thomas ''Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930–1934'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1999. {{isbn| 0231110952}}</ref>{{rp|134}} Under the looser version of the [[Hays code]] that existed up to 1934, nudity involving "civilised" (i.e., white) women was banned, but permitted with "uncivilised" (i.e., all non-white women), a loophole that was exploited by the producers of ''Virgins of Bali''.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|133}}  The film, which mostly consisted of scenes of topless Balinese women, was a great success in 1932, and was perhaps the main catalyst for the popularity of Bali among tourists.<ref name=doherty/>{{rp|135}} The Dutch also efforts to implement ''[[Baliseering]]'' ('Balinization') politics to maintain traditions on the island.

[[Imperial Japan]] occupied Bali during World War II. It was not originally a target in their Netherlands East Indies Campaign; however, as the airfields on [[Borneo]] were inoperative due to heavy rains, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] decided to occupy Bali, which did not suffer from comparable weather. The island had no regular [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army]] (KNIL) troops. There was only a Native Auxiliary Corps ''Prajoda'' (Korps Prajoda) consisting of about 600 native soldiers and several Dutch KNIL officers under the command of KNIL Lieutenant Colonel W.P. Roodenburg. On 19 February 1942, the Japanese forces landed near the town of Sanoer (Sanur) and the island was quickly captured.<ref>{{cite web |author= Klemen, L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/bali.html |title= The Capture of Bali Island, February 1942 |date= 1999–2000 |work= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |access-date= 30 March 2021 |archive-date= 25 March 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120325051425/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/bali.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

During the Japanese occupation, a Balinese military officer, [[I Gusti Ngurah Rai]], formed a Balinese 'freedom army'. The harsh treatment of the Balinese by the Japanese occupation forces fomented more resentment had the former Dutch colonial rulers.<ref>[[#Haer|Haer]], pp.&nbsp;39–40.</ref>

=== Independence from the Dutch ===
In 1945, Bali was liberated by the British [[5th Infantry Division (India)|5th infantry Division]] under the command of Major-General [[Robert Mansergh]] who took the Japanese surrender. Once Japanese forces had been repatriated, the island was handed over to the Dutch the following year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch terror camps in Bali - Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia |url=https://www.insideindonesia.org/editions/edition-150-oct-dec-2022/dutch-terror-camps-in-bali |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=www.insideindonesia.org}}</ref>

In 1946, the Dutch constituted Bali as one of the 13 administrative districts of the newly proclaimed [[State of East Indonesia]], a rival state to the Republic of Indonesia, which was proclaimed and headed by [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Hatta|Hatta]]. Bali was included in the "[[Republic of the United States of Indonesia]]" when the Netherlands recognised Indonesian independence on 29 December 1949.<ref>[[#Barski|Barski]], p. 51</ref> The first governor of Bali, [[Anak Agung Bagus Suteja]], was appointed by President Sukarno in 1958, when Bali became a province.<ref>[[#Pringle|Pringle]], p. 167</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
[[File:Bali memorial.jpg|thumb|[[2002 Bali bombings]] memorial]]
The 1963 eruption of [[Mount Agung]] killed thousands, created economic havoc, and forced many displaced Balinese to be [[Transmigration programme|transmigrated]] to other parts of Indonesia. Mirroring the widening of social divisions across Indonesia in the 1950s and early 1960s, Bali saw conflict between supporters of the traditional [[caste system]], and those rejecting this system. Politically, the opposition was represented by supporters of the [[Indonesian Communist Party]] (PKI) and the [[Indonesian Nationalist Party]] (PNI), with tensions and ill-feeling further increased by the PKI's land reform programmes.<ref name="ctpqur" /> [[30 September Movement|A purported coup attempt]] in Jakarta was averted by forces led by General Suharto.

The army became the dominant power as it instigated [[Indonesian killings of 1965–66|a violent anti-communist purge]], in which the army blamed the PKI for the coup. Most estimates suggest that at least 500,000 people were killed across Indonesia, with an estimated 80,000 killed in Bali, equivalent to 5% of the island's population.<ref name="ctpqur" /><ref name=Friend /><ref name=Ricklefs /> With no Islamic forces involved as in Java and Sumatra, upper-caste PNI landlords led the extermination of PKI members.<ref name=Ricklefs />

As a result of the 1965–66 upheavals, Suharto was able to manoeuvre Sukarno [[Transition to the New Order|out of the presidency]]. His [[New Order (Indonesia)|"New Order"]] government re-established relations with Western countries. The pre-War Bali as "paradise" was revived in a modern form. The resulting large growth in tourism has led to a dramatic increase in Balinese standards of living and significant foreign exchange earned for the country.<ref name="ctpqur" />

[[2002 Bali bombings|A bombing in 2002]] by militant [[Islamist]]s in the tourist area of [[Kuta, Bali|Kuta]] killed 202 people, mostly foreigners. This attack, and [[2005 Bali bombings|another in 2005]], severely reduced tourism, producing much economic hardship on the island.

On 9 July [[2008 Bali gubernatorial election|2008]], for the first time in Bali's history, the [[Governor of Bali]] election was directly elected by the people.

On 27 November 2017, Mount Agung erupted five times, causing the evacuation of thousands, disrupting air travel, and causing much environmental damage. [[2017–2019 eruptions of Mount Agung|Further eruptions]] also occurred between 2018 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42133502|title=A volcanologist explains Bali eruption photos|date=27 November 2017|work=BBC News|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref>

On 15–16 November 2022, with the [[2022 G20 Bali summit]], the [[List of G20 summits|seventeenth meeting]] of the [[G20|Group of Twenty]] (G20) was held in [[Nusa Dua]].<ref name="host">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-23|title=Indonesia to Host G20 Summit in 2022|url=https://setkab.go.id/en/indonesia-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/|access-date=2021-06-02|website=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia}}</ref>