Editing Bad Brains (section)

==History==
===Formation and early years (1976–1985)===
The band's origins date to 1976, when the members first came together as a [[jazz fusion]] band called '''Mind Power''',<ref name="Barry" /> in the mold of bands such as [[Return to Forever]] and [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Blabbermouth|date=2020-09-13|title=Original BAD BRAINS Singer SID MCCRAY Dies|url=https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/original-bad-brains-singer-sid-mccray-dies/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET}}</ref> The group included lead guitarist [[Dr. Know (guitarist)|Dr. Know]] (Gary Miller), bassist [[Darryl Jenifer]], and brothers Paul Hudson (later known as [[H.R. (musician)|H.R.]]) on rhythm guitar and [[Earl Hudson]] on drums.

In 1977, the band's then-singer [[Sid McCray]] introduced them to [[punk rock]].<ref name=":0" /> Mind Power decided to switch their sound to [[hardcore punk]] and changed their name to '''Bad Brains''',<ref name="Barry" /> after the [[Ramones]] song "Bad Brain."<ref name="Barry" /> Despite their burgeoning punk sound, after seeing [[Bob Marley]] in concert, the band also became interested in [[reggae]] music and the [[Rastafari movement]].<ref name="Moskowitz_06" /> McCray was briefly the singer for the new hardcore punk incarnation of the band, but he soon departed, and H.R. switched from guitar to lead vocals.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Andersen |first1=Mark |last2=Jenkins |first2=Mark |title=Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CU1jKq0TlvQC&q=%22dance+of+days%22+sid+mcray+h.r.&pg=PA34 |date=January 2003 |publisher=[[Akashic Books]] |isbn=978-1-888451-44-3 |page=34 |access-date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

The band gained a fan base in Washington D.C. due to their high-energy performances and occasional reggae songs.<ref name="Moskowitz_06">{{cite book |last=Moskowitz |first=David V. |title=Caribbean Popular Music |year=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Press]] |location=[[Westport, Connecticut]] |isbn=0-313-33158-8 |pages=18–19}}</ref> In 1979, they were blacklisted from many Washington area clubs due to their destructive fans;<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bad Brains, D.C. punk band, make Rock and Roll Hall of Fame shortlist|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/oct/18/bad-brains-dc-punk-act-make-rock-and-roll-hall-fam/|access-date=2021-05-31|newspaper=The Washington Times|language=en-US}}</ref> this was later addressed in their song "Banned in D.C.".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bad Brains No Longer Banned in DC, Set to Play Night of U.S. Election {{!}} Exclaim!|url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/bad_brains_no_longer_banned_in_dc_set_to_play_night_of_us|access-date=2021-05-31|website=exclaim.ca|language=en-ca}}</ref> Around 1980, the band relocated to New York City, where they would serve as a catalyst for that city's then-burgeoning [[New York hardcore|hardcore]] scene.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|title=The world is fast. Bad Brains are faster.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/08/bad-brains-dc-hardcore-fast/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-31|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210408121057/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/04/08/bad-brains-dc-hardcore-fast/ |archive-date=April 8, 2021 }}</ref> 
[[File:Bad brains 1983.jpg|thumb|left|Bad Brains at [[9:30 Club]], Washington, D.C., 1983]]
By 1982, they were a regular act at the New York venue [[CBGB]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Christopher |title=Making Music History: Bad Brains at CBGB, 1982 |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6250173 |website=NPR |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en |date=12 October 2006}}</ref> Dr. Know recalled, "We played CB's every friggin' night. This whole 'Sunday matinee' thing is from us. When we first played, nobody was there. It's like, 'Who are these niggers?' And we're in their face, killing it. We got a weekend day, and by then a little buzz started happening."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prato |first1=Greg |title=Punk, purity, and positive mental attitude: The turbulent tale of Bad Brains |url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/punk-purity-and-positive-mental-attitude-the-turbulent-tale-of-bad-brains |website=Louder Sound |access-date=14 February 2021 |language=en |date=9 June 2020}}</ref> Their [[Bad Brains (album)|self-titled debut album]] was released on the [[ROIR]] label, originally on cassette only, in 1982,<ref>{{Citation|title=Bad Brains - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/bad-brains-mw0000267343|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> followed in 1983 by ''[[Rock for Light]]'', produced by [[Ric Ocasek]] of [[The Cars]].<ref>{{Citation|title=Rock for Light - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rock-for-light-mw0000192889|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> In 1985, the Bad Brains song "[[Pay to Cum]]" was featured in [[Martin Scorsese]]'s film ''[[After Hours (film)|After Hours]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last1=Prato|first1=Greg|date=2012-06-15|title=Pay to Cum|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/pay-to-cum-243345/|access-date=2021-05-31|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US|archive-date=June 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602221116/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/pay-to-cum-243345/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Stylistic expansion and lineup changes (1986–1994)===
In 1986, Bad Brains signed with [[SST Records]] and released ''[[I Against I]]''. In addition to the band's hardcore punk and reggae sounds, this album added elements from [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] and [[funk]].<ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=I Against I - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/i-against-i-mw0000189123|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> H.R. provided the vocals for the song "Sacred Love" over the phone from the [[Lorton Reformatory]] while serving time for a cannabis charge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-29|title='Sacred Love': The Bad Brains song that was recorded over the phone from prison|url=https://dangerousminds.net/comments/sacred_love_the_bad_brains_song_that_was_recorded_over_the_phone_from_priso|access-date=2021-05-31|website=DangerousMinds}}</ref> H.R. gained additional critical notice for his expanded vocal style on ''I Against I''; according to Rick Anderson of [[AllMusic]], "[HR] digs deep into his bag of voices and pulls them all out, one by one: the frightening nasal [[falsetto]] that was his signature in the band's hardcore days, an almost [[bel canto]] [[baritone]], and a declamatory speed-rap chatter that spews lyrics with the mechanical precision of a machine gun".<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Chuck_Mosley.jpg|thumb|right|201x201px|Chuck Mosley fronted Bad Brains from 1990 to 1991.]]
H.R. and Earl Hudson quit the band in 1987 to focus on reggae music. Touring for ''I Against I'' was completed with singer Taj Singleton and former [[Cro-Mags]] drummer Mackie Jayson.<ref name="Erlewine" /> In 1988, Bad Brains signed with [[Caroline Records]] and began recording the album ''[[Quickness]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=Quickness - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/quickness-mw0000205406|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> The album was recorded with Singleton and Jayson, but the Hudson brothers returned to the band in 1989 and H.R. replaced Singleton's work with new lyrics and vocals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bad Brains|url=https://www.riptidemusic.com/bad-brains|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Riptide Music Group|language=en}}</ref> Released in September of that year, ''Quickness'' saw Bad Brains expand their sound from that of ''I Against I'', and has also been recognized as one of the early [[groove metal]] albums.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Knowles |first1=Christopher |title=The Secret History of Rock 'n' Roll |date=October 2010 |publisher=Viva Editions |quote=The Bad Brains would split up shortly after releasing Rock for Light, a 1983 LP produced by new wave maestro Ric Ocasek, but they reformed in 1987 as a pioneering groove-metal outfit.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Foster |first1=Nathan |title=Top 10 Bad Brains Songs |url=https://www.classicrockhistory.com/top-10-bad-brains-songs/ |access-date=2 November 2024}}</ref>

During this period, the Hudson brothers, who wanted to steer the band toward reggae, often clashed with Dr. Know and Jenifer, who were increasingly interested in hard rock and heavy metal.<ref name="Erlewine" /> H.R. often failed to turn up for scheduled concerts and recording sessions. After the tour supporting ''Quickness'' ended in 1990, the Hudson brothers again quit the band. Mackie Jayson rejoined on drums, while former [[Faith No More]] member [[Chuck Mosley]] took over on lead vocals,<ref name="rollingstone.com">{{Cite magazine|last1=Weingarten|first1=Christopher R.|date=2017-11-11|title=Chuck Mosley, Former Faith No More Singer, Dead at 57|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/chuck-mosley-former-faith-no-more-singer-dead-at-57-197538/|access-date=2021-05-31|magazine=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> and was then replaced by Israel Joseph I (Dexter Pinto).<ref name="Erlewine" /> Also in 1990, the band collaborated with [[Henry Rollins]] on a cover of [[The MC5]]'s "[[Kick Out the Jams (song)|Kick Out the Jams]]", which appears on the soundtrack to the film ''[[Pump Up the Volume (film)|Pump Up the Volume]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=100 Greatest Soundtracks of All Time: 'Pump Up the Volume' (1990)|url=https://www.albumism.com/lists1/100-greatest-soundtracks-of-all-time-pump-up-the-volume|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Albumism|date=May 8, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

As bands influenced by Bad Brains (such as [[Living Colour]] and [[Fishbone]]) enjoyed commercial success, [[Epic Records]] approached Dr. Know in 1992 and offered the band their first major-label record deal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=June 2020|first=Greg Prato09|title=Punk, purity, and positive mental attitude: The turbulent tale of Bad Brains|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/punk-purity-and-positive-mental-attitude-the-turbulent-tale-of-bad-brains|access-date=2021-05-31|website=Classic Rock Magazine|date=June 9, 2020|language=en}}</ref> The album ''[[Rise (Bad Brains album)|Rise]]'' was released by Epic in 1993.<ref>{{Citation|title=Rise - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/rise-mw0000619889|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> Jayson left the band in the middle of the ensuing tour and was temporarily replaced by [[Chuck Treece]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-18|title=Chuck Treece - Wheels of Soul|url=https://www.dosagemagazine.com/wheels-of-soul-catching-up-with-philadelphia-punk-rock-and-skateboard-icon-chuck-treece/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=dosage MAGAZINE|language=en}}</ref>

===Original lineup reunions and name change (1994–2004)===
The Hudson brothers again returned to the band in 1994,<ref name="Barry" /> and they signed with [[Maverick (company)|Maverick Records]] for the 1995 album ''[[God of Love (album)|God of Love]]''.<ref>{{Citation|title=God of Love - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/god-of-love-mw0000171934|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> In support of the album, Bad Brains opened for the [[Beastie Boys]] on their ''[[Ill Communication]]'' tour, and headlined a U.S. tour with a then-unknown [[Deftones]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deftonesworld.com/tourarchive.htm |title=Tour Dates Archive |work=deftonesworld.com |access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beastiemania.com/whois/bad_brains/ |title=Who Is Who – Bad Brains |first=Raul |last=Pollicino |work=Beastiemania.com |access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref> However, the reunion did not last for long, because of H.R.'s erratic behavior while performing and several violent incidents against the band's manager, fans, and venue employees. H.R. landed in jail and the band broke up once again.<ref>{{Cite web|author=MTV News Staff|title=Bad Brains' H. R. Lands In Jail|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/506166/bad-brains-h-r-lands-in-jail/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202055957/http://www.mtv.com/news/506166/bad-brains-h-r-lands-in-jail/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2014|access-date=2021-05-31|website=MTV News|language=en}}</ref>

In 1997 Bad Brains reconvened to remaster some early recordings, which were released as the EP ''[[The Omega Sessions]].''<ref>{{Citation|title=Omega Sessions - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000030317|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> From 1998 to 2001, the original lineup toured under the name '''Soul Brains''' and released two live albums.<ref>{{Cite web|author=MTV News Staff|title=H.R. Explains The Genesis Behind Soul Brains "Reunion"|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1425281/hr-explains-the-genesis-behind-soul-brains-reunion/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810034559/http://www.mtv.com/news/1425281/hr-explains-the-genesis-behind-soul-brains-reunion/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 10, 2020|access-date=2021-05-31|website=MTV News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Soul Brains {{!}} Biography & History|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/soul-brains-mn0000034060|access-date=2021-05-31|website=AllMusic|language=en}}</ref>

===''Build a Nation'' and ''Into the Future'' (2005–2015)===

In 2005 the band, known once again as Bad Brains, announced that they were recording their first album of new material in ten years, with [[Adam Yauch|MCA]] of the [[Beastie Boys]] producing.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Beastie and the Brain|url=https://ew.com/article/2007/06/30/beastie-and-brain/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=EW.com|language=en}}</ref> They played their first shows in several years at [[CBGB]] in 2006.<ref name="Erlewine" /> ''[[Build a Nation]]'' was released in 2007.<ref>{{Citation|title=Build a Nation - Bad Brains {{!}} Songs, Reviews, Credits {{!}} AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/build-a-nation-mw0000476021|language=en|access-date=2021-05-31}}</ref> The band toured extensively in 2007–2008, with former singer Israel Joseph I filling in for H.R. on some dates. Daryl Jenifer released the solo album ''In Search of Black Judas'' in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-10-25|title=In Search of Black Judas - Darryl Jenifer|url=https://imposemagazine.com/reviews/in-search-of-black-judas-darryl-jenifer|access-date=2021-05-31|website=IMPOSE Magazine|language=en}}</ref> A short Bad Brains tour of Australia planned for 2010 was cancelled for health reasons.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.badbrains.com/upcoming.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309034551/http://www.badbrains.com/upcoming.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 9, 2009 |title=Tour dates |website=BadBrains.com |access-date=March 7, 2012 }}</ref>

Bad Brains announced the recording of another new album in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=155072 |title=Bad Brains Begins Work on New Album |website=RoadrunnerRecords.com |date=March 9, 2011 |access-date=March 7, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118180753/http://www.roadrunnerrecords.com/blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=155072 |archive-date=November 18, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref> ''[[Into the Future]]'' was released in late 2012,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.metalunderground.com/news/details.cfm?newsid=80943 |title=Sunday Old School: Bad Brains |work=MetalUnderground.com |date=May 27, 2012 |access-date=June 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news.aspx?mode=Article&newsitemID=179959 |title=Bad Brains Announce New Album |work=[[Blabbermouth.net]] |date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=September 26, 2012}}</ref> and included a tribute to the recently deceased MCA.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-29|title=Bad Brains to include tribute to Beastie Boys' Adam Yauch on new album|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/beastie-boys-2-43-1257608|access-date=2021-05-31|website=NME|language=en-GB}}</ref> On the ensuing tour, the band added touring keyboardist [[Jamie Saft]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-04-16|title=H.R. of Bad Brains is Not Crazy, Insists Jamie Saft|url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2013/04/16/h-r-of-bad-brains-is-not-crazy-insists-jamie-saft/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Village Voice}}</ref> In 2014 the band hinted at another new album,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punktastic.com/news/bad-brains-hint-at-working-on-a-new-album/ |title=Bad Brains Hint At Working On A New Album |work=punktastic.com |date=March 23, 2014 |access-date=March 23, 2014}}</ref> though no such album has yet been released. Also in 2014, author Greg Prato released the book ''Punk! Hardcore! Reggae! PMA! Bad Brains!'' which recounted the band's history.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kamiński|first=Karol|date=2014-11-25|title="Punk! Hardcore! Reggae! PMA! BAD BRAINS" - new book available!|url=https://idioteq.com/punk-hardcore-reggae-pma-bad-brains-new-book-available/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=IDIOTEQ.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2015 the band recorded the live EP ''The Woodstock Sessions''; H.R. did not participate for undisclosed reasons and was replaced by Jamaican singer Jesse Royal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punknews.org/article/57903/bad-brains-to-record-ep-with-new-vocalist-in-front-of-audience |title=Bad Brains to record EP with new vocalist in front of audience |website=Punknews.org |date=May 18, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref> H.R.'s status at the band remained unclear throughout that year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punknews.org/article/58042/dr-know-talks-about-bad-brains-woodstock-sessions |title=Dr. Know talks about Bad Brains' 'Woodstock Sessions' |website=Punknews.org |date=June 1, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fuse.tv/2015/05/bad-brains-dr-know-interview-woodstock-sessions |title=Bad Brains Guitarist Dr. Know Discusses Upcoming Woodstock Sessions |website=[[Fuse (TV channel)|Fuse.tv]] |date=May 28, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2015}}</ref>

===Recent developments (2015–present)===
In November 2015, Dr. Know suffered a heart attack and was placed on life support due to the risk of organ failure.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/6760754/bad-brains-dr-know-critical-condition-no-longer-hospital-2015 |title=Bad Brains Guitarist Dr. Know Is No Longer in Critical Condition |date=November 11, 2015 |first=Chris |last=Payne |magazine=Billboard |access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref> After three months in the hospital he made a full recovery, thanks in part to a [[GoFundMe]] campaign organized by his bandmates.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.teamrock.com/news/2016-03-10/bad-brains-launch-dr-know-medical-bill-campaign |title=Bad Brains are asking fans to help raise $100,000 for guitarist – who is expected to make a full recovery from heart attack |website=Team Rock |date=March 10, 2016 |access-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> In March 2016, H.R. announced that he had been diagnosed with a rare type of headache called [[SUNCT syndrome|SUNCT]], and received treatment for this condition and other ongoing health issues thanks to another GoFundMe campaign.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/bad-brains-frontman-h-r-suffering-from-rare-headache-disorder/ |title=BAD BRAINS Frontman H.R. Suffering From Rare Headache Disorder |date=March 15, 2016 |website=Blabbermouth.net |access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/bad-brains-h-r-raising-money-to-combat-rare-headache-disorder-20160316 |title=Bad Brains' H.R. Raising Money to Combat Headache Disorder |first=Daniel |last=Kreps |date=March 16, 2016 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref>

In October 2016, Bad Brains were nominated for the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]],<ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Fan Vote|url=https://www.rockhall.com/vote|access-date=November 11, 2017|website=Rock & Roll Hall of Fame}}</ref> but were not inducted. In a December 2016 interview with ''[[Rolling Stone]]'', Dr. Know and Darryl Jenifer discussed the band members' health issues and the future of the band. They announced that they hoped to record a new album titled ''Mind Power'', after the band's short-lived original moniker.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/how-bad-brains-are-staying-positive-and-moving-forward-w454147|title=How Bad Brains Are Staying Positive and Moving Forward |first=Kory |last=Grow |date=December 14, 2016 |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=December 14, 2016}}</ref> In June 2017, the band played a show featuring guest appearances by [[Randy Blythe]] and original Bad Brains singer Sid McCray, who sang with the band for the first time in 39 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://loudwire.com/bad-brains-reunite-brooklyn-art-gallery-show-hr-randy-blythe-sid-mccray/|title=Bad Brains Play Brooklyn Gig With H.R., Randy Blythe + Sid McCray on Vocals|website=Loudwire|date=June 9, 2017 |access-date=November 11, 2017}}</ref>

Former singer Chuck Mosley died in November 2017.<ref name="rollingstone.com"/> Sid McCray died in September 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Minsker|first=Evan|title=Sid McCray, Original Bad Brains Singer, Has Died|url=https://pitchfork.com/news/sid-mccray-original-bad-brains-singer-has-died/|access-date=2021-04-25|website=Pitchfork|date=September 14, 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>