Editing Bacardi (section)

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:Bacardi-Original-Distillery.jpg|thumb|The original Bacardi distillery in [[Santiago de Cuba]]]]
[[Facundo Bacardi|Facundo Bacardí Massó]], a Spanish [[Winemaker|wine merchant]], was born in [[Sitges]], Catalonia, [[Spain]], on October 16, 1814, and immigrated to [[Santiago de Cuba|Santiago]], Cuba, in 1830. At the time, rum was cheaply made and not considered a refined drink, and rarely sold in upmarket taverns or purchased by the growing emerging middle class on the island.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bacardi: The Hidden War |chapter=More Than a Rum 'War' |pages=81–90 |year=2015 |publisher=Pluto Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt18mvnpg.17 |isbn=978-1-78371-894-8}}</ref> Facundo began attempting to "tame" rum by isolating a proprietary strain of yeast harvested from local sugar cane still used in Bacardí production today. This yeast gives Bacardí rum its flavour profile. After experimenting with several techniques for close to ten years, Facundo pioneered charcoal rum filtration, which removed impurities from his rum. Facundo then created two separate distillates that he could blend together, balancing a variety of flavors: [[Aguardiente]] (a robust, flavorful distillate) and Redestillado (a refined, delicate distillate). Once Facundo achieved the perfect balance of flavors by marrying the two distillates together, he purposefully aged the rum in white oak barrels to develop subtle flavors and characteristics while mellowing out those that were unwanted. The final product was the first clear, light-bodied, and mixable "white" rum in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=FRP tanks still going strong after 23 years |journal=Reinforced Plastics |volume=50 |issue=10 |pages=4 |doi=10.1016/s0034-3617(06)71130-4 |issn=0034-3617}}</ref>

Moving from the experimental stage to a more commercial endeavour as local sales began to grow, Facundo and his brother José purchased a [[Santiago de Cuba]] distillery on October 16, 1862, which housed a [[still]] made of copper and [[cast iron]]. In the rafters of this building lived [[Leaf-nosed bat|fruit bats]]&nbsp;– the inspiration for the Bacardi bat logo.<ref name="Bacardi History">{{Cite web |title=Bacardi Heritage and History Time Line|url=https://www.bacardilimited.com/our-company/our-history/|access-date=2022-12-31|publisher=Bacardi Limited|language=en}}</ref> It was the idea of Doña Amalia, Facundo's wife, to adopt the bat to the rum bottle when she recognized its symbolism of family unity, good health, and good fortune to her husband's homeland of Spain. This logo was pragmatic considering the high illiteracy rate in the 19th century, enabling customers to easily identify the product.<ref>[https://www.jaxdailyrecord.com/showstory.php?Story_id=535315 "Bacardi and the bat: All Bacardi rum supplied to U.S. bottled in Jacksonville"]. ''Jax Daily Record''. 3 January 2012.</ref>

The 1880s and 1890s were turbulent times for Cuba and the company. [[Emilio Bacardí]], Don Facundo's eldest son, known for his forward thinking in both his professional and personal life and a passionate advocate for Cuban Independence was imprisoned twice for having fought in the rebel army against Spain in the [[Cuban War of Independence]].<ref name="Gjelten 2008">{{Cite book |last=Gjelten |first=Tom |url=https://archive.org/details/bacardilongfight00gjel |title=Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba |publisher=Viking |year=2008 |isbn=9780670019786 |location=New York |author-link=Tom Gjelten |url-access=registration}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2023}}

Emilio's brothers, Facundo and José, and their brother-in-law Enrique 'Henri' Schueg, remained in Cuba with the difficult task of sustaining the company during a period of war. With Don Facundo's passing in 1886, Doña Amalia sought refuge by exile in [[Kingston, Jamaica]]. At the end of the Cuban War of Independence during the US occupation of Cuba, "The Original [[Cuba Libre]]" and the [[Daiquiri]] cocktails were both created, with the then Cuban based Bacardí rum.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.strawberry-daiquiri-recipe.com/strawberry-daiquiri-invention.php |title=Daiquiri |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106192617/http://www.strawberry-daiquiri-recipe.com/strawberry-daiquiri-invention.php |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=21 October 2008}}</ref> In 1899, Emilio Bacardí became the first democratically elected mayor of Santiago, appointed US General [[Leonard Wood]].

During his time in public office, Emilio established schools and hospitals, completed municipal projects such as the famous Padre Pico Street and the Bacardi Dam, financed the creation of parks, and decorated the city of Santiago with monuments and sculptures.<ref name="Gjelten 2008" />{{page needed|date=June 2023}} In 1912, Emilio and his wife travelled to [[Egypt]], where he purchased a [[mummy]] (still on display) for the future [[Museo Municipal Emilio Bacardí Moreau|Emilio Bacardi Moreau Municipal Museum]] in Santiago de Cuba.<ref name="Coulombe">{{Cite book |last=Coulombe |first=Charles A. |title=Rum |publisher=Citadel Press}}</ref>{{page needed|date=June 2023}} In Santiago, his brother Facundo M. Bacardí continued to manage the company along with Schueg, who began the company's international expansion by opening bottling plants in [[Barcelona]] (1910) and New York City (1916).<ref name="Bacardi History" /> The New York plant was soon shut down due to [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]], yet during this time Cuba became a hotspot for US tourists, kicking off a period of rapid growth for the Bacardi company and the onset of cocktail culture in America.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duggleby|first1=R. G.|last2=Kaplan|first2=H.|date=1975-11-18|title=A competitive labeling method for the determination of the chemical properties of solitary functional groups in proteins|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42|journal=Biochemistry|volume=14|issue=23|pages=5168–5175|doi=10.1021/bi00694a023|issn=0006-2960|pmid=42}}</ref>[[File:Havana_Art_Deco_(8954145059).jpg|thumb|The [[Bacardi Building (Havana)|Bacardi Building]] in [[Havana]] was constructed in 1930 but abandoned when the company fled Cuba following the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959]]In 1922, the family completed the expansion and renovation of the original distillery in Santiago, increasing the site's rum production capacity. In 1930 Schueg oversaw the construction and opening of [[Bacardi Building (Havana)|Edificio Bacardí]] in Havana, regarded as one of the finest [[Art Deco]] buildings in [[Latin America]], as the third generation of the Bacardí family entered the business. In 1927, Bacardi ventured outside the realm of spirits for the first time, with the introduction of an authentic Cuban Malt beer: [[Hatuey (beer)|Hatuey beer]].

Bacardi's success in transitioning into an international brand and company was due mostly to Schueg, who branded Cuba as "The home of rum", and Bacardí as "The king of rums and the rum of Kings". Expansion began overseas, first to [[Mexico]] in 1931, where architects [[Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe]] and [[Felix Candela]] designed office buildings and a bottling plant in Mexico City during the 1950s. The building complex was added to the tentative list of UNESCO's World Heritage Site list on 20 November 2001.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web|title=Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe and Felix Candela's Industrial Buildings |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1596/|access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref> In 1936, Bacardi began producing rum on U.S. territory in [[Puerto Rico]] after Prohibition which enabled the company to sell rum tariff-free in the United States.<ref name="washpost 2008-08-24">{{Cite news|last=Robinson|first=Linda|date=2008-08-24|title=Rum and Revolution|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |language=en-US|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/21/AR2008082102222.html|access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref> The company later expanded to the United States in 1944 with the opening of Bacardi Imports, Inc. in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]].<ref name="bacardilimited.com">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bacardilimited.com/our-heritage/the-early-years#prohibition_innovaction |title=Bacardi Limited: Our Heritage – Prohibition and Innovation |publisher=Bacardi |access-date=10 May 2011}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], the company was led by Schueg's son-in-law, [[Jose Maria Bosch Lamarque|José "Pepin" Bosch]]. Pepin founded Bacardi Imports in New York City and became Cuba's [[Ministry of Finance and Prices (Cuba)|Minister of the Treasury]] in 1949.

===Cuban Revolution===
During the [[Cuban Revolution]] in 1959, the Bacardí family (and hence the company) supported and aided the rebels.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Guy|first=Jack|title=Cuba and Bacardi: A Complicated History|url=https://theculturetrip.com/caribbean/cuba/articles/cuba-and-bacardi-a-complicated-history/|access-date=2020-12-28|website=Culture Trip|date=9 October 2017 }}</ref> However, after the triumph of the revolutionaries, and turn to communism, the family maintained a fierce [[Cuban dissident movement|opposition to Fidel Castro's]] policies in Cuba in the 1960s. In his book, ''Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba'', [[Tom Gjelten]] describes how the Bacardí family and the company left Cuba in exile after the Cuban government confiscated the company's Cuban assets without compensation on 14 October 1960, particularly nationalizing and banning all private property on the island as well as all bank accounts.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Gjelten |first= Tom |url= https://www.amazon.com.au/Bacardi-Long-Fight-Cuba-Biography-ebook/dp/B001E8OW7E|title=Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: The Biography of a Cause|date=4 September 2008|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn= 9780670019786}}</ref> However, due to concerns over the previous Cuban leader, [[Fulgencio Batista]], the company had started foreign branches a few years before the revolution; the company moved the ownership of its trademarks, assets and proprietary formulas out of the country to the Bahamas prior to the revolution and already produced Bacardí rum at other distillery sites in [[Puerto Rico]] and [[Mexico]]. This helped the company survive after the Cuban government confiscated all Bacardí assets without compensation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ospina |first=Hernando Calvo |title=Bacardi: The Hidden War |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0745318738}}</ref>

In 1965, over 100 years after the company was established in Cuba, Bacardi established new roots and found a new home with global headquarters in Hamilton, Bermuda. In February 2019, Bacardi's CEO, Mahesh Madhavan, stated that Bacardí's global headquarters would remain in Bermuda for the next "500 years" and that "Bermuda is our home now."<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.royalgazette.com/international-business/article/20190212/bacardi-wants-to-be-in-bermuda-for-centuries |title=Bacardi wants to be in Bermuda for centuries |date=12 February 2019 |work= [[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]] |access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref>

[[File:Bacardi Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Bacardi Building, Bermuda; location of Bacardi's world headquarters]]
In 1999, [[Otto Reich]], a lobbyist in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] on behalf of Bacardí, drafted section 211 of the [[Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Appropriations Act, FY1999]], a bill that became known as the Bacardi Act. Section 211 denied trademark protection to products of Cuban businesses expropriated after the Cuban revolution, a provision sought by Bacardí. The act was aimed primarily at the [[Havana Club]] brand in the US. The brand was created by the [[José Arechabala S.A.|José Arechabala]] S.A. and nationalised without compensation in the Cuban revolution, the Arechabala family left Cuba and stopped producing rum. They, therefore, allowed the US trademark registration for "Havana Club" to lapse in 1973. Taking advantage of the lapse, the Cuban government registered the mark in the US in 1976.<ref name="Miami Herald 2012-07-20">{{Cite news |last=Whitefield |first=Mimi |url= http://www.miamiherald.com/incoming/article1941675.html |title=Havana Club rum dispute isn't over yet |date=20 July 2012 |work=Miami Herald |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bardach |first=Ann Louise |title=Cuba Confidential |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |page=131| isbn= 9780141935546}}</ref> This new law was drafted to invalidate the trademark registration. Section 211 has been challenged unsuccessfully by the Cuban government and the European Union in US courts. It was ruled illegal by the [[World Trade Organization]] (WTO) in 2001 and 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news02_e/dsb_01feb02_e.htm |title=Dispute Settlement Body adopts reports on the "Havana Club" case |date=1 February 2002 |website=WTO.org| publisher= [[World Trade Organization]] | access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref> The US Congress has yet to re-examine the matter. The Cuban government assigned the brand to [[Pernod Ricard]] in 1993.

Bacardi rekindled the story of the Arechabala family and Havana Club in the United States when it launched the AMPARO Experience in 2018, an immersive play experience based in Miami, the city with the highest population of Cuban exiles. AMPARO "is the story of the family's entire history being erased and their heritage 'stolen'" according to playwright [[Vanessa Garcia (artist)|Vanessa Garcia.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McPhie|first=P.|date=1975-12-02|title=The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen| url= https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/44|journal=Biochemistry|volume=14|issue=24|pages=5253–5256|doi=10.1021/bi00695a003|issn=0006-2960|pmid=44}}</ref>

=== Bacardi in the United States ===
{{Main|Bacardi Building (Miami)}}
[[File:DSC 0494wc.jpg|thumb|upright|The "[[Cathedral of Rum]]" at the Bacardi distillery in [[Cataño, Puerto Rico|Cataño]], [[Puerto Rico]], near [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]]]
[[File:Bacardi building Miami.jpg|thumb|Bacardi's former U.S. headquarters in [[Miami]]. In 2006, the company moved to [[Coral Gables, Florida]].]]

In 1964, Bacardi opened new US offices in [[Miami]], [[Florida]]. Exiled Cuban architect Enrique Gutierrez created a hurricane-proof building using a system of steel cables and pulleys that allowed the building to move slightly in the event of a strong shock. The steel cables are anchored into the bedrock and extend through marble-covered shafts up to the top floor, where they are led over large pulleys. Outside, on both sides of the eight-story building, more than 28,000 tiles painted and fired by [[Brazil]]ian artist [[Francisco Brennand]], depicting abstract blue flowers, were placed on the walls according to the artist's exact specifications.

In 1973, the company commissioned the square building in the plaza. Architect Ignacio Carrera-Justiz used cantilevered construction, a style invented by [[Frank Lloyd Wright]]. Wright observed how well trees with taproots withstood hurricane-force winds. The building, raised {{convert|47|ft|m}} off the ground around a central core, features four massive walls made of sections of inch-thick hammered glass mural tapestries designed and manufactured in France. The striking design of the annex, affectionately known as the 'Jewel Box' building,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=D. L. |last2=Gleisner |first2=J. M. |last3=Blakley |first3=R. L. |date=1975-12-02 |title=Bovine liver dihydrofolate reductase: purification and properties of the enzyme |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/45 |journal=Biochemistry |volume=14 |issue=24 |pages=5261–5267 |doi=10.1021/bi00695a005 |issn=0006-2960 |pmid=45}}</ref> came from a painting by German artist Johannes M. Dietz.

In 2006, Bacardi USA leased a 15-story headquarters complex in [[Coral Gables, Florida]]. At the time, Bacardi had employees in seven buildings across [[Miami-Dade County]].<ref name="Bacardi">{{Cite news |date=8 May 2007 |title=Bacardi U.S.A. to take over BK's planned Coral Gables headquarters |newspaper=South Florida Business Journal |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/stories/2007/05/07/daily8.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref>

Bacardi vacated its former headquarters buildings on [[Biscayne Boulevard]] in [[Midtown Miami]]. The building currently serves as the headquarters of the [[National YoungArts Foundation]]. Miami citizens began a campaign to label the buildings as "historic". The Bacardi Buildings Complex has been a locally protected historic resource since Oct. 6, 2009, when it was designated by unanimous decision by the Historic and Environmental Preservation Board.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Baccanari |first1=D. |last2=Phillips |first2=A. |last3=Smith |first3=S. |last4=Sinski |first4=D. |last5=Burchall |first5=J. |date=1975-12-02 |title=Purification and properties of Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/46 |journal=Biochemistry |volume=14 |issue=24 |pages=5267–5273 |doi=10.1021/bi00695a006 |issn=0006-2960 |pmid=46}}</ref>

In 2007 Chad Oppenheim, the head of [[Oppenheim Architecture]] + Design, described the Bacardi buildings as "elegant, with a [[Modernist architecture|Modernist]] [look combined with] a local flavour".<ref>Rousseau, Bryant. "In Conversation: Chad Oppenheim". ''[[Businessweek]]''. 27 June 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091222084150/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/jun2007/id20070626_580904_page_2.htm 2]. Retrieved on 3 October 2009.</ref> In April 2009, [[University of Miami]] professor of architecture Allan Schulman said "Miami's brand is its identity as a tropical city. The Bacardi buildings are exactly the sort that resonate with our consciousness of what Miami is about."<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/latino/2009/04/08/2009-04-08_miami_weighs_preserving_iconic_bacardi_b.html "Miami weighs preserving iconic Bacardi buildings"]. [[Associated Press]] at ''[[New York Daily News]]''. Tuesday 7 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2009.</ref>

The American headquarters is in [[Coral Gables, Florida]].<ref name="HQ">[http://www.allbusiness.com/services/business-services/4340022-1.html "Bacardi USA Announces New Headquarters in South Florida"]. Retrieved 18 October 2010.</ref>

===Bacardi and Cuba today===
[[File:Bacardi Bat in the Bacardi Building, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Bacardi Bat in the [[Cathedral of Rum|Bacardi Building]] in [[Cataño, Puerto Rico]]]]
Bacardi drinks are not easily found in Cuba today. The main brand of rum in Cuba is [[Havana Club]], produced by a company that was confiscated and nationalized by the government following the revolution. Bacardi later bought the brand from the original owners, the Arechabala family. In partnership with the French company [[Pernod Ricard]], the Cuban government sells its Havana Club products internationally, except in the United States and its territories. Bacardi created the Real Havana Club rum based on the original recipe from the Arechabala family, manufactures it in Puerto Rico, and sells it in the United States. Bacardi continues to fight in the courts, attempting to legalize their Havana Club trademark outside the United States.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110726010453/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=55761&ct_id=1 "Bacardi wins round in Havana Club fight"]}}. ''Caribbean Business'' . Retrieved 30 May 2011.</ref>

=== Acquisitions ===
[[File:Bacardi superior.jpg|thumb|upright=.5|Bacardi Superior]]
Bacardi Limited has made numerous acquisitions to diversify away from the eponymous Bacardí rum brand.

In 1993, Bacardi merged with [[Martini & Rossi]], the Italian producer of [[Martini (vermouth)|Martini vermouth]] and sparkling wines, creating the Bacardi-Martini group. Other associated brands include the Real [[Havana Club (Bacardi)|Havana Club]], [[Drambuie]] Scotch whisky liqueur, DiSaronno [[Amaretto]], [[Eristoff]] vodka, Cazadores [[Tequila]], B&B and [[Bénédictine]] liqueurs.

In 1998, Bacardi company acquired [[John Dewar & Sons|John Dewar & Sons, Ltd]] and [[Bombay Sapphire]] from [[Diageo]] for $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1998-03-31 |title=INTERNATIONAL BRIEFS; Diageo Sells Dewar's And Bombay to Bacardi |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/31/business/international-briefs-diageo-sells-dewar-s-and-bombay-to-bacardi.html |access-date=2019-10-03 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

In 2004, Bacardi purchased [[Grey Goose (vodka)|Grey Goose]], a French-made vodka, from [[Sidney Frank]] for $2 billion.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=MarketWatch |first=C. B. S. |title=Bacardi acquires Grey Goose |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/bacardi-acquires-grey-goose-vodka |access-date=2020-09-24 |website=MarketWatch |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2006 Bacardi purchased [[New Zealand]] [[vodka]] brand 42 Below.<ref>{{Cite web |last=db_staff |date=2006-09-27 |title=Bacardi snaps up 42 Below |url=https://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2006/09/bacardi-snaps-up-42-below/ |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=The Drinks Business |language=en-GB}}</ref>

In 2018, Bacardi purchased tequila manufacturer [[Patrón|Patrón Spirits Company]] for $5.1 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-patron-m-a-bacardi/bacardi-to-buy-premium-tequila-maker-patron-in-5-1-billion-deal-idUSKBN1FB2W2 |title=Bacardi to buy high-end tequila maker Patron in $5.1 billion deal |date=23 January 2018 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=23 January 2018}}</ref>

In 2023, Bacardi acquired the super-premium [[mezcal]] brand, [[Ilegal Mezcal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=Bacardi Acquires ILEGAL Mezcal – a Leading Artisanal Mezcal Brand in the U.S. |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20230911109816/en/Bacardi-Acquires-ILEGAL-Mezcal-%E2%80%93-a-Leading-Artisanal-Mezcal-Brand-in-the-U.S. |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.businesswire.com |language=en}}</ref>

In December 2023, Bacardi took majority control of Irish whiskey producer [[Teeling Distillery|Teeling]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carruthers |first=Nicola |date=2023-12-15 |title=Bacardi ups stake in Teeling |url=https://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2023/12/bacardi-ups-stake-in-teeling/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=The Spirits Business |language=en-US}}</ref>