Editing BASF (section)

==History==
[[File:Basf 1865.jpg|thumb|BASF plant in [[Ludwigshafen]], 1865]]
BASF is an [[acronym]] for {{Langnf|de|Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik|Baden Aniline and Soda Factory}}. It was founded by [[Friedrich Engelhorn]] on 6 April 1865 in [[Mannheim]], in the German-speaking state of [[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]. Engelhorn had been responsible for setting up a [[gasworks]] and street lighting for the town council in 1861. The gasworks produced [[tar]] as a by-product from coal, and Engelhorn used this to extract [[aniline]] for the production of [[dye]]s. BASF was set up in 1865, to produce other chemicals necessary for dye production, notably soda and acids. The plant, however, was erected on the other side of the [[Rhine]] river at [[Ludwigshafen]] because the town council of Mannheim was afraid that the air pollution from the chemical plant could bother the inhabitants of the town. In 1866, the dye production processes were also moved to the BASF site.<ref name=Ludewig>W. Ludewig (1966), ''Trans Inst Chem Engrs'' vol. 44, pp. 237–252, "Highlights in the History of BASF".</ref>

===Aniline dyes (1869)===
[[File:BASF Werk Ludwigshafen 1881.JPG|thumb|BASF plant in Ludwigshafen, 1881]]
The discovery in 1857 by [[William Henry Perkin]] that [[aniline]] could be used to make intense colouring agents had led to the commercial production of synthetic dyes in England from aniline extracted from coal tar. BASF recruited [[Heinrich Caro]], a German chemist with experience of the dyestuff industry in England, to be the first head of research.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.basf.com/en/company/about-us/history/1865-1901.html |title=1865–1901: The Birth of the Chemical Industry and the Era of Dyes |work=BASF |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313045138/https://www.basf.com/en/company/about-us/history/1865-1901.html |archive-date=13 March 2017}}</ref> Caro developed a synthesis for [[alizarin]] (a red dye used for dying textile fabrics) and applied for a British patent on 25 June 1869. Coincidentally, Perkin applied for a virtually identical patent on 26 June 1869, and the two companies came to a mutual commercial agreement about the process.<ref name=Ludewig/>

Further patents were granted for the synthesis of [[methylene blue]] and [[eosin]], and in 1880, research began to try to find a synthetic process for [[indigo dye]], though this was not successfully brought to the market until 1897. In 1901, some 80% of the BASF production was dyestuffs.<ref name=Ludewig/>

===Solvay process soda (1880)===
[[File:Hauptlaboratorium BASF 1887.jpg|thumb|BASF main laboratory in Ludwigshafen, 1887]]
[[Sodium carbonate]] (soda) was produced by the [[Leblanc process]] until 1880, when the much cheaper [[Solvay process]] became available. BASF ceased to make its own and bought it from the [[Solvay (company)|Solvay company]] thereafter.<ref name=Ludewig/>

===Knietsch sulfuric acid (1890)===
[[File:Indigoproduktion BASF 1890.JPG|thumb|Indigo production at BASF in 1890]]
[[Sulfuric acid]] was initially produced by the [[lead chamber process]], but in 1890, a unit using the [[contact process]] was brought on stream, producing the acid at higher concentration (98% instead of 80%) and a lower cost. This development followed extensive research and development by Rudolf Knietsch, for which he received the [[Liebig Medal]] in 1904.<ref name=Ludewig/>

===Haber's ammonia (1913)===
The development of the [[Haber process]] from 1908 to 1912, made it possible to synthesize [[ammonia]] (a major industrial chemical as the primary source of nitrogen), and, after acquiring exclusive rights to the process, in 1913, BASF started a new production plant in [[Ludwigshafen-Oppau#Oppau|Oppau]], adding [[fertilizer]]s to its product range. BASF also acquired and began mining [[anhydrite]] for [[gypsum]] at the [[Kohnstein]] in 1917.<ref name=Ordway>{{cite book |last=Ordway |first=Frederick I III |author2=Sharpe, Mitchell R |title=The Rocket Team |series=Apogee Books Space Series 36 |year=1979 |pages=75, 76, 79, 88}}</ref>

===WWI===
In 1916, BASF started operations at a [[Leuna works|new site in Leuna]], where [[explosive]]s were produced during the [[First World War]]. On 21 September 1921, an explosion occurred in [[Ludwigshafen-Oppau#Oppau|Oppau]], killing 565 people. The [[Oppau explosion]] was the biggest industrial accident in German history.

===IG Farben (1921)===
[[File:Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik 2 Pfennig Gutschein.tiff|thumb|right|[[Company scrip]] from Badische Anilin- & Soda-Fabrik, 2 Pfennig Gutschein, ca. 1918]]
Under the leadership of [[Carl Bosch]], BASF founded [[IG Farben]] with [[Hoechst AG|Hoechst]], [[Bayer AG|Bayer]], and three other companies, thus losing its independence. BASF was the nominal survivor, as all shares were exchanged for BASF shares before the merger. Rubber, [[fuel]]s, and [[coating]]s were added to the range of products.

In 1935, IG Farben and [[AEG (German company)|AEG]] presented the [[magnetophon]]&nbsp;– the first [[tape recorder]]&nbsp;– at the [[Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin|Radio Exhibition]] in Berlin.<ref name="CHM">{{cite web |title=1935: Audio recorder uses low-cost magnetic tape |website=Computer History Museum |url=https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/audio-recorder-uses-low-cost-magnetic-tape/ |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="
Magnetic Audio Tape">{{cite web | title=1934 - Magnetic Audio Tape |website=BASF |url=https://www.basf.com/global/en/who-we-are/history/chronology/1925-1944/1934.html |access-date=12 May 2024}}</ref>

===World War II===
After the appointment of [[Adolf Hitler]] as Chancellor in 1933, [[IG Farben]] cooperated with the [[Nazi Germany|National Socialist government]], profiting from guaranteed volumes and prices and, in time, from [[Forced labour|forced ("unfree") labour]] provided through governmental [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. BASF (leader of the chemical industry of the IG Farben) built a 24&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> chemical factory in Auschwitz named "IG Auschwitz", the largest chemical factory in the world at the time. IG Farben became notorious through its production of [[Zyklon-B]], the lethal gas used to kill prisoners in German extermination camps during the [[Holocaust]].<ref>{{cite journal |date=17 September 2001 |title=IG Farben to be dissolved |journal=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1549092.stm |access-date=9 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206160327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/1549092.stm |archive-date=6 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

IG Farben made extensive use of forced labor during WWII consisting mostly of drafted "service-duty" Germans, foreign workers from German-occupied territories, and prisoners of war. By 1943, nearly one-half of all IG Farben workers were forced laborers housed in factory-camp facilities. This number did not include the 51,445 concentration camp laborers supplied by the Nazis. Spread out over 23 facilities, it is estimated that 31,500{{Endash}}33,500 of those concentration camp inmates were killed by authorities or died from starvation, exhaustion, or disease.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wollheim-memorial.de/en/zwangsarbeit_en |title=Wollheim Memorial}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zuppi |first=Alberto |date=2006-02-01 |title=Slave Labor in Nuremberg's I.G. Farben Case: The Lonely Voice of Paul M. Hebert |url=https://digitalcommons.law.lsu.edu/lalrev/vol66/iss2/5 |journal=Louisiana Law Review |volume=66 |issue=2}}</ref>

The Ludwigshafen site was almost completely destroyed during the [[Second World War]] but was subsequently rebuilt. The [[Allies of World War II|allies]] dissolved IG Farben in November 1945.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Both the Ludwigshafen and Oppau plants were of strategic importance for the war because the German military needed many of their products (''e.g.'', synthetic rubber and gasoline). As a result, they were major targets for air raids. During the war, Allied bombers attacked the plants a total of 65 times.

[[Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II|Bombing]] took place from the autumn of 1943 and saturation bombing inflicted extensive damage. Production virtually stopped by the end of 1944.

Due to a shortage of male workers during the war, women were [[conscript]]ed to work in the factories, joined later by [[prisoners of war]] and foreign civilians. Concentration camp inmates did not work at the Ludwigshafen and Oppau plants.

In July 1945, the American military administration confiscated all IG Farben assets. That same year, the Allied Commission decreed that IG Farben should be dissolved. The sites at Ludwigshafen and Oppau were controlled by French authorities.{{Citation needed|date=November 2023}}

===BASF refounded (1952)===
On 28 July&nbsp;1948, an explosion occurred at a BASF site in [[Ludwigshafen]], killing 207 people and injuring 3818.<ref>[[:de:Kesselwagenexplosion in der BASF]]{{Circular reference|date=March 2019}}</ref> In 1952, BASF was refounded under its name following the efforts of former [[Nazi Party]] member [[Carl Wurster]], who served in [[Nazi Germany]] as ''[[Wehrwirtschaftsführer]]'' (war economy leader). With the [[German economic miracle]] in the 1950s, BASF added synthetics such as nylon to its product range. BASF developed [[Polystyrene]] in the 1930s and invented Styropor in 1951.

===Post-WW2 20th century===
In the 1960s, production abroad was expanded and plants were built in [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Belgium]], [[Brazil]], [[France]], [[India]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Mexico]], [[Spain]], [[United Kingdom]] and the [[United States]]. Following a change in corporate strategy in 1965, greater emphasis was placed on higher-value products such as coatings, [[pharmaceutical]]s, [[pesticides]] and fertilizers. Following [[German reunification]], BASF acquired a site in [[Schwarzheide]], [[Eastern germany|Eastern Germany]], on 25 October&nbsp;1990.

In 1968, BASF (together with [[Bayer AG]]) bought the German coatings company [[Herbol]]. BASF completely took over the Herbol branches in [[Cologne]] and [[Würzburg]] in 1970. Under new management, the renewal and expansion of the trademark continued. After an extensive reorganisation and an increasing international orientation of the coatings business, Herbol became part of the new founded Deco GmbH in 1997.

BASF bought the Wyandotte Chemical Company, and its Geismar, Louisiana chemical plant in the early 1970s.<ref name="auto">Richard Leonard and Zack Nauth. 1990. [https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1156&context=lrr Beating BASF: OCAW Busts Union-Buster] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141359/https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1156&context=lrr |date=12 June 2018 }}. ''Labor Research Review'' 1(16): 39–49.</ref> The plant produced plastics, herbicides, and antifreeze. BASF soon tried to operate union-free, having already reduced or eliminated union membership in several other US plants. Challenging the Geismar OCAW union resulted in a labor dispute that saw members locked out from 1984 to 1989, and eventually winning their case. A worker solidarity committee at BASF's headquarters plant in Ludwigshafen, Germany, took donations from German workers to support the American strikers and organized rallies and publicity in support. The dispute was the subject of an academic study.<ref>Timothy J. Minchin. 2003. ''Forging a Common Bond: Labor and Environmental Activism during the BASF Lockout''. University of Florida Press.</ref> The union also exposed major accidental releases of phosgene, toluene and other toxic gases, these being publicized in the local media and through a video, ''Out of Control''.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/RwDcbq0tMCc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20200413143534/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwDcbq0tMCc&gl=US&hl=en Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RwDcbq0tMCc |title=Out of Control OCAW 1990 |last=markdcatlin |date=28 April 2018 |access-date=28 August 2018 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> A court threw out a $66,700 fine against BASF for five environmental violations as "too small".<ref name="auto"/>

BASF's European coatings business was taken over by [[AkzoNobel]] in 1999.

===21st century===
BASF bought the [[Engelhard]] Corporation for $4.8&nbsp;billion in 2006. Other acquisitions in 2006, were the purchase of Johnson Polymer and the construction chemicals business of [[Degussa]].

The acquisition of Johnson Polymer was completed on 1 July 2006. The purchase price was $470&nbsp;million on a cash and debt-free basis. It provided BASF with a range of water-based [[resin]]s that complements its portfolio of high solids and UV resins for the coatings and paints industry and strengthened the company's market presence, particularly in North America.
[[File:CWRYBASF.JPG|thumb|200px|right|BASF Portsmouth Site in the West Norfolk area of [[Portsmouth, Virginia]], United States. The plant is served by the [[Commonwealth Railway]].]]

The acquisition of Degussa AG's construction chemicals business was completed in 2006. The purchase price for equity was about €2.2&nbsp;billion. In addition, the transaction was associated with a debt of €500&nbsp;million.

The company agreed to acquire [[Ciba Specialty Chemicals|Ciba]] (formerly part of [[Novartis|Ciba-Geigy]]) in September 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-ciba-basf-idUKLF63993220080915 |title=BASF bids $3 bln for Switzerland's Ciba |last=Kuehnen |first=Eva |date=15 September 2008 |work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=15 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520235445/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/09/15/us-ciba-basf-idUKLF63993220080915 |archive-date=20 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The proposed deal was reviewed by the [[European Commissioner for Competition]]. On 9 April 2009, the acquisition was officially completed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSPRWP1420090306 |title=EU mergers and takeovers (March 6) |date=6 March 2009 |work=Reuters |access-date=6 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211052429/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/06/idUSPRWP1420090306 |archive-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-02-25 |title=BASF sees Ciba integration largely completed in Q2 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/basf-ciba-idUSFAB01544920100225 |access-date=2023-01-20}}</ref>

On 19 December 2008, BASF acquired U.S.-based Whitmire Micro-Gen together with U.K.-based Sorex Ltd.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pctonline.com/article/basf-acquires-sorex-pest-control-business--deal-includes-whitmire-micro-gen/ |title=BASF Acquires Sorex Pest Control Business; Deal Includes Whitmire Micro-Gen |website=PCT – Pest Control Technology |access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830132349/https://www.pctonline.com/article/basf-acquires-sorex-pest-control-business--deal-includes-whitmire-micro-gen/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Sorex is a manufacturer of branded chemical and non-chemical products for professional pest management. In March 2007 Sorex was put up for sale with a price tag of about £100&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/britain-press-sunday-idUSL1827372620070318 |title=British business press |at=Rat Poisoner Sorex is For Sale |date=18 March 2007 |agency=Reuters |access-date=2 October 2009 |work=[[Financial Mail]]|location=South Africa |via=Reuters Press Digest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512010220/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/18/britain-press-sunday-idUSL1827372620070318 |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2010, BASF completed the acquisition of [[Cognis]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/06/23/basf-acquires-cognis-in-3-8-billion-deal/ |title=BASF Acquires Cognis in $3.8 Billion Deal |date=23 June 2010 |work=[[New York Times]]|access-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830130845/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/06/23/basf-acquires-cognis-in-3-8-billion-deal/ |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2015, BASF agreed to sell parts of its pharmaceutical ingredients business to Swiss drug manufacturer Siegfried Holding for a fee of €270&nbsp;million, including assumed debt.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ludwig Burger |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-basfingredients-m-a-siegfried-idUSKBN0NS0CD20150507 |title=Siegfried buys BASF drug ingredient businesses for $306 million |work=Reuters |date=7 May 2015 |access-date=7 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510081107/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/07/us-basfingredients-m-a-siegfried-idUSKBN0NS0CD20150507 |archive-date=10 May 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Since 2016, BASF has partnered with a subsidiary of [[Xinjiang Zhongtai Group]], a company sanctioned under the [[Uyghur Forced Labor Prevention Act]], to operate a plant in [[Korla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 17, 2023 |title=Report: German company's Xinjiang partner linked to Chinese forced labor |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/german-report-korla-11172023142714.html |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=[[Radio Free Asia]] |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2017, BASF announced it would buy seed and herbicide businesses from [[Bayer]] for €5.9&nbsp;billion ($7&nbsp;billion), as part of Bayer's acquisition of [[Monsanto]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-to-sell-assets-to-basf-for-7-billion-subject-to-monsanto-acquisition-1507877275 |title=Bayer to Sell Assets to BASF for $7 Billion Amid Scrutiny of Monsanto Megadeal |last1=Shevlin |first1=Anthony |date=13 October 2017 |work=[[Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=5 June 2018 |last2=Drozdiak |first2=Natalia |issn=0099-9660 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619214200/https://www.wsj.com/articles/bayer-to-sell-assets-to-basf-for-7-billion-subject-to-monsanto-acquisition-1507877275 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-competition-bureau-asks-bayer-to-divest-some-canadian-assets-to-win/ |title=Competition Bureau asks Bayer to divest some Canadian assets to win Monsanto deal approval |work=The Globe and Mail |access-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326054751/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/business/article-competition-bureau-asks-bayer-to-divest-some-canadian-assets-to-win/ |archive-date=26 March 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The company announced the start of a US$10&nbsp;billion investment project in the south-western Chinese city of [[Zhanjiang]], in November 2019. The project was approved in 2022.<ref name="ethbasf1">{{cite news |url=https://www.thechemicalengineer.com/news/basf-approves-investment-in-10bn-world-scale-chinese-chemicals-complex/ |title=BASF approves investment in €10bn world-scale Chinese chemicals complex }}</ref> This ″Verbund″ site is intended for the production of engineering plastics and TPU. The site would be the third-largest BASF site worldwide, following Ludwigshafen, Germany, and [[Antwerp]], Belgium. The first plant started up in 2022, and the entire site is expected to be completed by 2030.<ref>[https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/23/WS5dd8d9d9a310cf3e355797b4.html Construction starts on BASF's Zhanjiang smart project] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191124162533/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201911/23/WS5dd8d9d9a310cf3e355797b4.html |date=24 November 2019}}, Chinadaily.com 23 November 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</ref><ref name="sinobasf1">{{cite news |url=https://www.basf.com/tw/en/who-we-are/organization/locations/asia-pacific/our-engagement-in-china.html#:~:text=The%20total%20investment%20is%20up,both%20in%20China%20and%20globally. |publisher=BASF |title=Our engagement in China }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BASF inaugurates the first plant of its new Zhanjiang Verbund site |url=https://www.basf.com/sg/en/media/news-releases/cn/2022/09/BASF_first_plant_Zhanjiang_Verbund_site.html |access-date=18 March 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Ludwigshafen Friedrich-Engelhorn-Hochhaus 20100709.jpg|thumb|upright|Former BASF headquarters building in Ludwigshafen]]

In August 2019, BASF agreed to sell its global pigments business to Japanese fine chemical company [[DIC Corporation|DIC]] for €1.15&nbsp;billion ($1.28&nbsp;billion) on a cash and debt-free basis.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-29/japan-s-dic-corp-to-buy-basf-s-pigments-unit-for-1-1-billion |title=Japan's DIC Corp. to Buy BASF's Pigments Unit for $1.1 Billion |last=Sutherland |first=Jeff |date=29 August 2019 |work=Bloomberg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830125059/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-29/japan-s-dic-corp-to-buy-basf-s-pigments-unit-for-1-1-billion |archive-date=30 August 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2019, BASF signed an agreement with DuPont Safety & Construction, a subsidiary business unit of [[DuPont]], to sell its ultrafiltration membrane business, Inge GmbH.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=https://www.inquirer.com/business/phillydeals/dupont-buys-basf-water-filtration-unit-germany-20190923.html |title=Wet future: Streamlined DuPont is buying again, adds BASF water |last=DiStefano |first=Joseph N. |website=inquirer.com |date=23 September 2019 |access-date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924154121/https://www.inquirer.com/business/phillydeals/dupont-buys-basf-water-filtration-unit-germany-20190923.html |archive-date=24 September 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> According to BASF executives, Inge GmbH and its products fit better with DuPont and their business strategy.<ref name=":0" />

In February 2023, BASF announced that the company is planning to close one of its two ammonia factories at its site in Ludwigshafen, this comes as part of the companies plans to cut costs as the organisation has struggled with high energy costs. The result of the organisations plans will lead to increased production in China while resulting in the loss of 2,600 jobs.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-24 |title=BASF outlines further cost-cutting and 2,600 job losses as it downsizes in Germany |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b0b2b2c2-ee63-4989-afab-6882feab4b73 |access-date=2023-02-24}}</ref> The Zhanjiang plant extends over 400 hectares and serves mainly the electronic industry and the automotive industry.<ref name="cgtn1">{{cite news |url=https://news.cg-tn.com/news/2022-11-04/VHJhbnNjcmlwdDY5MjI1/index.html}}</ref> In September 2023 BASF broke ground on its Zhanjiang [[syngas]] plant; the plant was due to be commissioned by 2025.<ref name="synbasf1">{{cite news |url=https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-releases/2023/09/p-23-295.html |title=BASF breaks ground on syngas plant at Zhanjiang Verbund site in China }}</ref> In November 2023 the firm closed a $5bn 15-year investment deal in China, with Chinese banks.<ref name="sinobasf2">{{cite news |url=https://www.basf.com/global/en/media/news-releases/2023/11/p-23-366.html |publisher=BASF |title=BASF signs CNY 40 billion syndicated bank term loan facility with maturity of 15 years for its Verbund site in Zhanjiang, China }}</ref>

As of April 2023, BASF had 30 production facilities in China. CEO [[Martin Brudermüller]] held that Chinese revenue is essential to grow his European business in the face of "Europe’s high energy costs and stringent environmental rules."<ref name="nyta17">{{cite news |last1=Eddy |first1=Melissa |title=As US tries to isolate China, German companies move closer |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/trade/exports/insights/as-us-tries-to-isolate-china-german-companies-move-closer/articleshow/99547315.cms |agency=New York Times |publisher=Economic Times |date=17 April 2023}}</ref>