Editing Béhanzin (section)

==Biography==
Béhanzin was seen by his people as intelligent and courageous. He saw that the Europeans were gradually encroaching on this section of the West African Coast, and as a result attempted a foreign policy of isolating the Europeans and rebuffing them. As prince just before the death of his father Glele, Béhanzin declined to meet [[France|French]] envoy [[Jean Bayol]], claiming conflicts in his schedule due to ritual and ceremonial obligations.

=== First Franco-Dahomean War ===
{{Main|First Franco-Dahomean War}}

In March 1889, Dahomey attacked a village on the [[Ouémé Department|Ouémé]] whose chief was under the protection of the French.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=First Franco-Dahomean War |date=2022-11-29 |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Franco-Dahomean_War&oldid=1124623888 |work=Wikipedia |language=en |access-date=2023-02-19}}</ref> After remarking that the flag of the tricolour would protect him, the Fon commanded one of his Dahomey Amazons to behead him and wrap his head in the flag.<ref name=":0" /> France responded by fortifying the city of [[Cotonou]], which had been ceded to them by a Dahomey representative in [[Ouidah]], increasing its forces with French Senegalese and Gabonese soldiers, and arresting local Dahomey officials who had been continuing to collect customs in the port. Skirmishes also broke out with local militias. On March 4, 1890, a Dahomey army of several thousand charged the log stockade around Cotonou at approximately 5 in the morning. The French army stood fast due to superior weaponry, strategy and the advantageous position they had prepared. Eventually Béhanzin's forces were forced to withdraw. While there were few losses on the French side, the Dahomey suffered the loss of several hundred soldiers (129 within French lines).

After regrouping, Dahomey sent its forces south to attack the French-protected city of Porto-Novo ruled by King [[Toffa I]]. A force of 350 French soldiers assisted by 500 of King Toffa's soldiers intercepted Béhanzin's force of 9000 warriors in the [[Battle of Atchoukpa]]. While the local Porto-Novo soldiers were routed during the initial Dahomey charge, the French forces formed [[Infantry square|infantry squares]] to protect themselves and successfully repelled the Dahomey, suffering only 8 casualties to the Dahomey's 1500.

On 3 October 1890, Dahomey signed a treaty recognizing the kingdom of Porto-Novo as a French [[protectorate]]. Béhanzin was also forced to definitely cede Cotonou.

=== Second Franco-Dahomean War ===
{{Main|Second Franco-Dahomean War}}

The peace lasted two years, but both sides continued to buy arms in preparation for another battle. In 1892, the soldiers of Abomey attacked villages near [[Grand Popo]] and [[Porto-Novo]] in an effort to reassert the older boundaries of Dahomey. King Béhanzin rejected complaints by the French, who proceeded to declare war.

The French further justified the annexation of Dahomey by [[Civilizing mission|characterizing the Dahomeans as savages in need of civilizing]], and pointing to the [[human sacrifice]] of slaves made to the royal ancestors at the annual ceremonies known as [[annual customs of Dahomey|annual customs]] and at a king's death, as evidence of this savagery. [[Dahomey]] was already at odds with other colonial empires for their practice of attacking and enslaving neighboring kingdoms, both for domestic slaves (including human sacrifice), and trans-atlantic trade, which came at odds with the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|British Empire's anti-slavery campaign]] during the 19th century.

The French also pointed to the existence of the [[Dahomey Amazons|women's militia]] that protected the king,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alperin |first1=Stanley |date=1998 |title=On the Origins of the Amazons |journal=History in Africa |volume=25 |pages=9–25 |doi=10.2307/3172178 |jstor=3172178}}</ref> whom the Fon referred to simply as ''Minon'' (or "mothers"), but the French called [[Amazons]] after the fierce women warriors of Greek mythology. These women soldiers were thought to have become common in the Fon army due to the extreme losses suffered by Dahomey during wars with neighboring kingdoms. Some official French propaganda from the period may be seen in prints depicting these so-called Amazons.  One source{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} claims that in one of the battles an Amazon killed a French officer by ripping out his throat with her sharpened teeth. Parallel accounts of the event handed down in Benin describe the Amazon as a trusted wife of Béhanzin who had sworn to avenge members of the royal family who had been [[execution (legal)|execute]]d by Béhanzin for treachery after divulging battle plans in return for [[bribe]]s from French agents. The French officer she is said to have killed was allegedly the head of French [[military intelligence]] who committed the 'savage' act of corrupting family members to betray their own. The Amazon was reduced to using her teeth after her [[ammunition]] ran out at the battle's peak.

Through superior [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence gathering]], superior strategy, superior weaponry, bribery, and a campaign of [[psychological warfare]] that included cutting down most of the [[sacred trees]] in the [[Ouémé Department|Oueme]] and [[Zou Department|Zou]], the French defeated Dahomey, one of the last African kingdoms to succumb to European colonization, with very few French losses.<ref>[[Second Franco-Dahomean War#CITEREFAlpern1998]]</ref> Instead of attacking Abomey directly by marching straight north from Calavi just north of Cotonou, French General [[Alfred Dodds]] attacked from [[Porto-Novo]], moving up the [[Ouémé River|Oueme valley]] until he was within striking distance of [[Abomey]], via [[Cove]] and [[Bohicon]], while the Fon continued to pattern their attacks in predictable melee combat style just before dawn, with shorter machete weapons and swords that had difficulty breaking disciplined French [[Bayonet]] lines.

Over a series of battles and guerilla warfare by the Fon attempting to slow the French march towards the Dahomey capital of [[Abomey]], the French were victorious, sustaining only 85 casualties to the estimated 2000 to 4000 killed among the Fon. On November 5, 1892, following the loss of the royal palace, Béhanzin sent a truce mission to the French forces, but it failed. King Béhanzin, refusing to let the capital fall into enemy hands, burned and evacuated the city. He and the remnants of the Dahomey army fled north as the French entered the capital on 17 November, and installed Béhanzin's brother [[Agoli-agbo]] as the new King. After failing to rebuild his army, King Béhanzin eventually surrendered to the French on 15 January 1894. He lived out the remainder of his life in exile in [[Martinique]] and [[Algeria]]. 

After his death, his remains were returned to Abomey. His throne and his sculptures of wood, copper, iron and silver are now in the Musee Quai Branly, and have been the topic of important discussions about their return to the Republic of Benin.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hickley |first1=Catherine |title=France takes first legal step towards restitutions to Beninds |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/french-cabinet-approves-law-allowing-restitutions-to-benin-and-senegal |website=The Art Newspaper |date=16 July 2020 |publisher=The Art Newspaper International |access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

Béhanzin was succeeded by [[Agoli-agbo]], his brother and one-time Army Chief of Staff, the only potential ruler with whom the French were willing to negotiate.