Editing Ayahuasca (section)

==Etymology==
''Ayahuasca'' is the [[hispanicized]] spelling (i.e., spelled according to Spanish orthography) of a word that originates from the [[Quechuan languages]], which are spoken in the Andean states of [[Ecuador]], [[Bolivia]], [[Peru]], and [[Colombia]]. Speakers of Quechuan languages who use [[Quechuan languages#Orthography|modern Quechuan orthography]] spell it ''ayawaska''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanz-Biset |first1=Jaume |last2=Cañigueral |first2=Salvador |date=2013-01-09 |title=Plants as medicinal stressors, the case of depurative practices in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazonia) |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |language=en |volume=145 |issue=1 |pages=67–76 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.053 |issn=0378-8741 |pmid=23123268}}</ref> The word refers both to the [[liana]] ''[[Banisteriopsis caapi]]'', and to the brew prepared from it. In the Quechua languages, ''aya'' means "spirit, soul", or "corpse, dead body", and ''waska'' means "rope" or "woody vine", "[[liana]]".<ref>Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary)</ref> The word ''ayahuasca'' has been variously translated as "liana of the soul", "liana of the dead", and "spirit liana".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bois-Mariage |first1=Frédérick |year=2002 |title=Ayahuasca : une synthèse interdisciplinaire |journal=Psychotropes |volume=8 |pages=79–113 |doi=10.3917/psyt.081.0079 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In the [[cosmovision]] of its users, the ayahuasca is the vine that allows the spirit to wander detached from the body, entering the spiritual world, otherwise forbidden for the alive.

=== Common names ===
Although '''ayahuasca''' is the most widely used term in [[Peru]], [[Bolivia]], [[Ecuador]] and Brazil, the brew is known by many names throughout northern South America:

* '''hoasca''' or '''oasca''' in Brazil
* '''{{lang|con|yagé}}''' (or {{lang|con|yajé}}, from the [[Cofán language]] or '''iagê''' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]). Relatively widespread use in [[Andes|Andean]] and [[Amazon rainforest|Amazonian]] regions throughout the border areas of Colombia, Peru, Ecuador and Brazil.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schultes |first=Richard Evans |title=Prestonia: An Amazon Narcotic or Not? |date=1960 |journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets|volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.5962/p.168526 |jstor=41762210 |s2cid=91123988 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Cofán people also use the word '''{{lang|con|oofa}}'''.
* '''{{lang|tup|caapi}}''' (or {{lang|tup|kahpi}}/{{lang|tup|gahpi}} in [[Tupi–Guarani languages|Tupi–Guarani language]]{{Which|date=February 2025}} or {{lang|awd|*kaapi}} in [[proto-Arawak language]]), used to address both the brew and the ''B. caapi'' itself. Meaning "weed" or "thin leaf", it was the word utilized by [[Richard Spruce|Spruce]] for naming the liana.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Spruce |first1=Richard |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.17908 |title=Notes of a botanist on the Amazon & Andes : being records of travel on the Amazon and its tributaries, the Trombetas, Rio Negro, Uaupés, Casiquiari, Pacimoni, Huallaga, and Pastasa; as also to the cataracts of the Orinoco, along the eastern side of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador, and the shores of the Pacific, during the years 1849-1864 |last2=Wallace |first2=Alfred Russel |date=1908 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London|doi=10.5962/bhl.title.17908 }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|cof|pinde}}''' (or {{lang|cof|pindê}}/{{lang|cof|pilde}}), used by the [[Tsáchila|Colorado]] people<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naranjo |first=Plutarco |date=1986 |title=El Ayahuasca en la arqueologia ecuatoriana |journal=America Indigena |volume=46 |pages=117–128}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|jiv|patem}}''' (or {{lang|jiv|nátema}}), from the [[Chicham languages]]{{Which|date=February 2025}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Descola |first=Philippe |title=In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-521-57467-9 |pages=99–100, 163}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{cite book |last=Incayawar |first=Mario |url=https://archive.org/details/psychiatriststra00inca |title=Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Unwitting Partners in Global Mental Health |author2=Lise Bouchard |author3=Ronald Wintrob |author4=Goffredo Bartocci |publisher=Wiley |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-470-51683-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/psychiatriststra00inca/page/n182 69]}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|yaa|shori}}''', '''{{lang|yaa|mii}}''' (or {{lang|yaa|miiyagi}}) and '''{{lang|yaa|uni}}''', from the [[Yaminawa language]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Grob |first1=CS |last2=McKenna |first2=DJ |last3=Callaway |first3=JC |last4=Brito |first4=GS |last5=Oberlaender |first5=G |last6=Saide |first6=OL |last7=Labigalini |first7=E |last8=Tacla |first8=C |last9=Miranda |first9=CT |last10=Strassman |first10=RJ |last11=Boone |first11=KB |date=1996 |title=Human Psychopharmacology of Hoasca: a plant hallucinogen used in ritual context in Brazil |url=https://erowid.org/chemicals/ayahuasca/ayahuasca_journal1.shtml |journal=Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders |volume=184 |issue=2 |pages=86–94 |doi=10.1097/00005053-199602000-00004 |pmid=8596116 |s2cid=17975501 |access-date=22 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=E. Wade |last2=Yost |first2=James A. |date=1983 |title=Novel Hallucinogens from Eastern Ecuador |journal=Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=291–295 |doi=10.5962/p.168664 |jstor=41762852 |s2cid=132171127 |issn=0006-8098|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|shp|nishi cobin}}''', from the [[Shipibo language]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Novedades - Página Jimdo de shamanesshipibos |url=https://shamanesshipibos.jimdo.com/novedades/ |access-date=21 December 2016 |website=shamanesshipibos.jimdo.com}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* '''{{lang|cbs|nixi pae}}''', '''{{lang|cbs|shuri}}''', '''{{lang|cbs|ondi}}''', '''{{lang|cbs|rambi}}''' and '''{{lang|cbs|rame}}''', from the [[Kashinawa language]]<ref>{{cite journal |first=Kenneth |date=1976 |editor-first=Michael |title=El uso del Banipteropsis entre los cashinahua del Perú |location=Madrid |publisher=Guadarrama |last=Kensinger |editor-last=Harner |periodical=Alucinógenos y chamanes}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Kaxinawá, Rituals |url=https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/povo/kaxinawa/399 |access-date=1 March 2017 |website=Povos Indígenas do Brasil}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rivier |first1=Laurent |last2=Lindgren |first2=Jan-Erik |date=1972-04-01 |title="Ayahuasca," the South American hallucinogenic drink: An ethnobotanical and chemical investigation |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02860772 |journal=Economic Botany |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=101–129 |doi=10.1007/BF02860772 |bibcode=1972EcBot..26..101R |s2cid=34669901 |issn=1874-9364}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|tuo|kaji}}, {{lang|tuo|kadana}}''' and '''{{lang|tuo|kadanapira}}''', used by the [[Tucano people]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reichel-Dolmatoff |first=Gerardo |title=Shamanism and art of the Eastern Tukanoan Indians |date=1987 |publisher=E. J. Brill |others=Instituut voor godsdiensthistorische beelddocumentatie |isbn=978-90-04-08110-9 |series=Iconography of religions |location=Leiden}}</ref> 
* '''{{lang|awd|kamarampi}}''' (or {{lang|awd|kamalampi}}) and '''{{lang|awd|hananeroca}}''', from the [[Arawakan languages]]{{Which|date=February 2025}}<ref>DE MORI, Brabec (2011): Tracing Hallucinations – Contributing to a Critical Ethnohistory of Ayahuasca Usage in the Peruvian Amazon</ref>
* '''{{lang|boa|bakko}}''', from [[Bora-Muinane languages]]{{Which|date=February 2025}}<ref name="Seifart">Seifart, Frank, & Echeverri, Juan Alvaro (2015). [https://periodicos.sbu.unicamp.br/ojs/index.php/liames/article/view/8642303 Proto Bora-Muinane]. ''LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas'', 15(2), 279 - 311. {{doi|10.20396/liames.v15i2.8642303}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|ese|jono pase}}''', used by [[Ese Ejja people|Ese'Ejja people]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Desmarchelier |first1=C. |last2=Mongelli |first2=E. |last3=Coussio |first3=J. |last4=Ciccia |first4=G. |date=1996-02-01 |title=Studies on the cytotoxicity, antimicrobial and DNA-binding activities of plants used by the Ese'ejas |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741%2895%2901334-2 |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=91–96 |doi=10.1016/0378-8741(95)01334-2 |pmid=8866729 |issn=0378-8741}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|guh|uipa}}''', from [[Guahibo language]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reichel-Dolmatoff |first=Gerardo |title=The sacred mountain of Colombia's Kogi Indians |date=1990 |publisher=E. J. Brill |others=Instituut voor godsdiensthistorische beelddocumentatie |isbn=978-90-04-09274-7 |series=Iconography of religions |location=Leiden}}</ref>
* '''{{lang|cof|napa}}''' (or {{lang|cof|nepe}}/{{lang|cof|nepi}}), used by [[Tsáchila|Tsáchila people]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oller |first=Montserrat Ventura i |date=2012 |title=Chamanismo, liderazgo y poder indígena: el caso tsachila |url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/REAA/article/view/38637 |journal=Revista Española de Antropología Americana |language=es |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=91–106 |doi=10.5209/rev_REAA.2012.v42.n1.38637 |issn=1988-2718|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''{{lang|kbh|Biaxije}}''', from [[Kamëntšá language]]<ref name="Huber">Huber, Randall Q. and Robert B. Reed. 1992. ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/18886 Vocabulario comparativo: Palabras selectas de lenguas indígenas de Colombia (Comparative vocabulary: Selected words in indigenous languages of Colombia)]''. Bogota, Colombia: Summer Institute of Linguistics.</ref>
* '''{{lang|pt|Cipó}}''' ("{{lang|pt|liana}}") or '''{{lang|pt|Vegetal}}''', in [[Portuguese language]], used by [[União do Vegetal]] church members
* '''Daime''' or '''Santo Daime''', meaning "give me" in Portuguese, the term was coined by Santo Daime's founder [[Mestre Irineu]] in the 1940s, from a prayer ''dai-me alegria, dai-me resistência'' ("give me happiness, give me strength"). Daime members also uses the words '''Luz''' ("light") or '''Santa Luz''' ("holy light")
* Some nomenclature are created by the cultural and symbolic signification of ayahuasca, with names like ''planta professora'' ("plant teacher"), ''professor dos professores'' ("teacher of the teachers"), ''sagrada medicina'' ("holy medicine") or ''la purga'' ("the purge").

==== Other names in the Western world ====
In the last decades, two new important terminologies emerged. Both are commonly used in the Western world in [[Neoshamanism|neoshamanic]], [[Recreational drug use|recreative]] or [[Medication|pharmaceutical]] contexts to address ayahuasca-like substances created without the traditional botanical species, due to it being expensive and/or hard to find in these countries. These concepts are surrounded by some controversies involving [[ethnobotany]], patents, [[commodification]] and [[biopiracy]]:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Press |first=Sara V. |date=2022-07-25 |title=Ayahuasca on Trial: Biocolonialism, Biopiracy, and the Commodification of the Sacred |url=https://hopp.uwpress.org/content/63/2/328 |journal=History of Pharmacy and Pharmaceuticals |language=en |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=328–353 |doi=10.3368/hopp.63.2.328 |s2cid=251078878 |issn=2694-3034}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tupper |first=Kenneth W. |date=January 2009 |title=Ayahuasca healing beyond the Amazon: the globalization of a traditional indigenous entheogenic practice |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x |journal=Global Networks |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=117–136 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0374.2009.00245.x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schenberg |first1=Eduardo Ekman |last2=Gerber |first2=Konstantin |date=October 2022 |title=Overcoming epistemic injustices in the biomedical study of ayahuasca: Towards ethical and sustainable regulation |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13634615211062962 |journal=Transcultural Psychiatry |language=en |volume=59 |issue=5 |pages=610–624 |doi=10.1177/13634615211062962 |pmid=34986699 |s2cid=245771857 |issn=1363-4615}}</ref>

* '''Anahuasca''' (ayahuasca analogues). A term usually used to refer to the ayahuasca produced with other plant species as sources of DMT (e.g., ''[[Mimosa hostilis]]'') or β-carbolines (e.g., ''[[Peganum harmala]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kaasik |first1=Helle |last2=Souza |first2=Rita C. Z. |last3=Zandonadi |first3=Flávia S. |last4=Tófoli |first4=Luís Fernando |last5=Sussulini |first5=Alessandra |date=2020-09-08 |title=Chemical Composition of Traditional and Analog Ayahuasca |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2020.1815911 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.1080/02791072.2020.1815911 |pmid=32896230 |s2cid=221543172 |issn=0279-1072}}</ref>
* '''Pharmahuasca''' (pharmaceutical ayahuasca). This indicates the [[capsule (pharmacy)|pills]] produced from freebase DMT, synthetic harmaline, MAOI medications (such as [[moclobemide]]) and other isolated or purified compounds or extracts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ott |first=Jonathan |date=April 1999 |title=Pharmahuasca: Human Pharmacology of Oral DMT Plus Harmine |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741 |journal=Journal of Psychoactive Drugs |language=en |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=171–177 |doi=10.1080/02791072.1999.10471741 |pmid=10438001 |issn=0279-1072}}</ref>