Editing Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (section)

==Signs and symptoms==
ADPKD can result in a wide variety of clinical symptoms. Symptoms may be caused directly by a cyst growing or bursting, or indirectly due to problems with other physiological functions. Most symptoms occur in the around 40 years of age but some clinical symptoms can occur decades prior to the development of over kidney disease, with some symptoms symptoms presenting as early as childhood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bergmann |first=Carsten |last2=Guay-Woodford |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Harris |first3=Peter C. |last4=Horie |first4=Shigeo |last5=Peters |first5=Dorien J. M. |last6=Torres |first6=Vicente E. |date=2018-12-06 |title=Polycystic kidney disease |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41572-018-0047-y |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41572-018-0047-y |issn=2056-676X |pmc=6592047 |pmid=30523303}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Perumareddi |first=Parvathi |last2=Trelka |first2=Darin P. |date=December 2020 |title=Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0095454320300646 |journal=Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=673–689 |doi=10.1016/j.pop.2020.08.010}}</ref>

Primary Symptoms Include:<ref name=":1" />

* Early onset hypertension
* Blood in urine
* Abdominal, flank or back pain
* Masses in the abdomen or flank
* Decrease in renal function

Among the most common symptoms associated with is early onset hypertension. Early onset hypertension is present in 50%-70% percent of individuals with ADPKD.<ref name=":0" /> Hypertension can even develop before the decline in kidney function markers like GFR (glomerular filtration rates).<ref name=":0" />

The presence of ADPKD is associated with the a number of extra-renal symptoms including the development of cysts in organs outside of the kidney. Polycystic liver disease is a is often found in adults with ADPKD and can be present in greater than 90% of individuals with ADPKD over 35 years old.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Gall |first=Emilie Cornec-Le |last2=Alam |first2=Ahsan |last3=Perrone |first3=Ronald D. |date=2019-03-02 |title=Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S014067361832782X |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=393 |issue=10174 |pages=919–935 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32782-X |issn=0140-6736 |pmid=30819518}}</ref> Polycystic liver disease develops more often in females with ADPKD than males, with risk factors including and exposure to non-endogenous sources of estrogen and multiple gestations. Individuals with polycystic liver disease due to ADPKD can also experience gastrointestinal symptoms related to presences of cysts in the liver such as early discomfort, fullness and gastro-esophageal reflux. In rare cases portal hypertension with secondary ascites and pleural effusion can also occur.

Individuals with the ADPKD are also at increased risk for the development of risk of intracranial aneurysms. The risk of intracranial aneurysms is estimated to be four times higher in people with ADPKD when compared to the general population and as a result screening with magnetic resonance angiography for high-risk populations.<ref name=":2" />

Additionally, symptoms such as a abdominal fullness, abdominal excessive urination, and reoccurring urinary tract infections (occurring more frequently in women than in men), kidney stones, bladder infection are also associated with ADPKD.<ref name=":0" />

ADPKD can also result in a wide array of symptoms beyond the kidneys resulting in the following symptoms:<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

* Neurological: Arachnoid cysts, intracranial hemorrhage.
* Cardiovascular: Pericardial effusion, mitral valve prolapse, bicuspid aortic valve
* Endocrine: Pancreatic cysts
* Gastrointestinal: Polycystic liver disease, diverticulosis
* Pulmonary: Bronchiectasis
* Reproductive: Male infertility, seminal vesicle cysts, ovarian cysts


Among the clinical presentation are:{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}
* Acute loin pain
* [[Hematuria|Blood in the urine]]
* Ballotable kidneys
* [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]] (berry aneurysm)
* [[Hypertension]]
* Associated liver cysts
* Uremia due to [[kidney failure]]
* Anemia due to [[chronic kidney disease]]
* Increase RBC or [[erythropoietin]] secretion

Signs and symptoms of ADPKD often develop between 30 and 40 years of age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Polycystic kidney disease |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/polycystic-kidney-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20352820 |accessdate=2022-05-23 |website=Mayo Clinic}}</ref>