Editing Australian cuisine (section)

==History==
===Indigenous Australian bush food===
{{Main|Bush tucker}}

Indigenous Australians have lived off [[Australian flora|native flora]] and [[Australian fauna|fauna]] of the [[Australian bush]] for over 60,000 years.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2017-07-20/aboriginal-shelter-pushes-human-history-back-to-65,000-years/8719314|title=Ancient Indigenous rock shelter rewrites Australia's human history|last=Weule|first=Genelle|date=20 July 2017|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> In modern times, this collection of foods and customs has become known as bush tucker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bush Tucker |url=https://mbantua.com.au/bush-tucker/?srsltid=AfmBOor10ek2HVAAUwdsucMsJi-B1xsO-7D2k9GSqih-s3w0X-Rw6dfk |access-date=19 December 2024 |website=Mbantua Gallery}}</ref>

It is understood that up to 5,000 species of Australian flora and fauna were eaten by Indigenous Australians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2008/07/01/about-native-australian-food|title=About Native Australian food|date=1 July 2008|website=SBS|access-date=17 March 2017}}</ref> Hunting of [[kangaroo]], [[wallaby]] and [[emu]] was common,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/topics/animals-and-plants/native-animals/native-animal-facts/kangaroos-and-wallabies|title=Kangaroo and wallaby|last=author|website=NSW Environment & Heritage|language=en|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> with other foods widely consumed including [[bogong moth]]s, [[witchetty grub]]s, lizards and snakes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/ag-blog/2017/02/eating-insects-2/|title=Grub's up!|date=14 February 2017|website=Australian Geographic|language=en-AU|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> Bush berries, fruits, and nuts were also used, including the now widely cultivated [[macadamia nut]], and wild honeys were also exploited.<ref name="cultureandrecreation.gov.au" /> Fish were caught using tools such as spears, hooks and traps; in some areas, the construction of complex weir systems allowed the development of forms of aquaculture.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://bluepapers.nl/index.php/bp/article/view/93 | doi=10.58981/bluepapers.2024.1.01 | title=Indigenous Water Engineering and Aquaculture Systems in Australia: The Budj Bim Cultural Landscape and Baiame's Ngunnhu (The Brewarrina Aboriginal Fish Traps) | date=2024 | last1=Daniell | first1=Katherine A. | last2=Moggridge | first2=Bradley | journal=Blue Papers | volume=3 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

Resource availability and dietary make-up varied from region to region and scientific theories of bush tucker plants being spread by hand have recently emerged.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-13/aboriginal-influence-behind-distribution-of-native-plants:-study/9142142|title=Aboriginal people spread native plants by hand: study|last=Miskelly|first=Greg|date=13 November 2017|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref> Food preparation techniques also varied; however, a common cooking technique was for the carcass to be thrown directly on a campfire to be roasted.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anbg.gov.au/gardens/education/programs/pdfs/aboriginal-cooking-techniques-2006.pdf|title=Aboriginal Cooking Techniques|last=Wright|first=Warwick|website=www.anbg.gov.au|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>

Native food sources were used to supplement the colonists' diet following the arrival of the [[First Fleet]] in [[Botany Bay]] in 1788.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Eat your history, stories and recipes form Australian kitchens|last=Newling|first=Jacqui|publisher=Sydney Living Museums and NewSouth Publishing|year=2015|isbn=9781742234687|location=Sydney, Australia|pages=19–62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Colonial Kitchen|last=O'Brien|first=Charmaine|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=9781442249813|location=USA|pages=Chapters 1, 2, 7}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| title = Australian bush tucker
| align = center
| File:Australian bush tucker, Alice Springs.jpg|[[Bush tucker]] fruits
| File:Witchetty grub.jpg|[[Witchetty grub]]s
| File:Santalum acuminatum fruit1.JPG|[[Santalum acuminatum|Desert quandong]]
}}

===Development of Australian cuisine===
[[File:Tea and damper.jpg|left|thumb|''Tea and damper'' – Alfred Martin Ebsworth (1883)]]
Following the [[Prehistory of Australia|pre-colonial period]], [[History of Australia (1788–1850)|European colonisers]] began arriving with the First Fleet at Sydney harbour in 1788.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://index.html/|title=1788 {{!}} Australia's migration history timeline {{!}} NSW Migration Heritage Centre|language=en-US|access-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505195009/http://index.html/|archive-date=5 May 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> The diet consisted of "bread, [[salted meat]] and tea with lashings of rum (initially from the [[West Indies]] but later made from the waste cane of the [[sugar industry]] in [[Queensland]])."<ref>R. Haden, Food Culture in the Pacific Islands, 2009, p. 46</ref> The British found familiar game in Australia including swan, goose, pigeon and fish, but the new settlers often had difficulty adjusting to the prospect of native fauna as a staple diet.<ref name="cultureandrecreation.gov.au"/>  Meat constituted a large proportion of the Australian diet during the colonial era and into the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://australianfoodtimeline.com.au/steak-and-eggs/#more-15093|title = Steak and eggs glorified in poem - Australian food history timeline|date = 16 September 1920}}</ref>

After initial difficulties, [[Agriculture in Australia|Australian agriculture]] became a major global producer and supplied fresh produce for the local market. Stock grazing (mostly sheep and cattle) is prevalent throughout the continent. Queensland and [[New South Wales]] became Australia's main beef cattle producers, while dairy cattle farming is found in the southern states, predominantly in Victoria. Wheat and other grain crops are spread fairly evenly throughout the mainland states. [[Sugar cane]] is also a major crop in Queensland and New South Wales. Fruit and vegetables are grown throughout Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/farms/ |title=Australian farms and farming communities – australia.gov.au |publisher=Cultureandrecreation.gov.au |date=10 May 2011 |access-date=17 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408181402/http://www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au/articles/farms/ |archive-date=8 April 2011  }}</ref> and wheat is a main component of the Australian diet.<ref name="bulletin">{{cite journal |title=In 30 years, how might climate change affect what Australians eat and drink |journal=Bulletin of the Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society |date=2016 |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=22–27 }}</ref> Today there are over 85,681 farm businesses in Australia, 99 percent of which are locally owned and operated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nff.org.au/farm-facts.html|title=Farm Facts {{!}} National Farmers' Federation|last=Internet|first=Chirp|website=www.nff.org.au|language=en-GB|access-date=15 December 2018}}</ref>

Barbecued meat is almost synonymous with Australian cuisine, though it is estimated that more than 10% of Australians are now vegetarian.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Tapsell|first1=L.|date=2007|title=Meat in the context of the whole diet: A social and cuisine perspective|journal=Nutrition & Dietetics|volume=64|pages=S108–S110|doi=10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00195.x|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Winsor |first1=B. |title=More than 10% of Australians are now vegetarian |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/health/article/2016/08/17/more-10-australians-are-now-vegetarian |website=sbs.com.au |publisher=SBS |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=9 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509145657/https://www.sbs.com.au/topics/life/health/article/2016/08/17/more-10-australians-are-now-vegetarian |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Modern Australian cuisine===
[[File:Tetsuyas-Ocean-Trout.jpg|thumb|right|300px|An iconic Modern Australian dish: confit of Tasmanian ocean trout at [[Tetsuya's]], [[Sydney]]]]

After [[World War II]], subsequent waves of [[multicultural]] immigration, with a majority drawn from Asia and the Mediterranean region, and the strong, sophisticated food cultures these ethnic communities have brought with them influenced the development of Australian cuisine.  This blending of "European techniques and Asian flavours" came to be known as Modern Australian cuisine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/what-is-modern-australian-cuisine/z3msho85k | title=What is modern Australian cuisine? }}</ref>

Arguably the first Modern Australian restaurant was Sydney's [[Bayswater Brasserie]] (est. 1982), which offered Mediterranean dishes with Asian and Middle Eastern influences and "showed Sydney [...] that food can be adventurous without being expensive".<ref name="smh"/>  The term itself was first used in print in the 1993 edition of the [[Sydney Morning Herald]] ''Good Food Guide'',<ref name="smh">{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/06/25/1023864572930.html |title=Twenty defining moments that shaped Sydney's way of eating |website=Smh.com.au |date=2002-06-26 |accessdate=2017-11-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/food/article/2008/07/01/about-modern-australian-food |title=About Modern Australian food|website=Sbs.com.au |date= July 2008|accessdate=2017-11-30}}</ref> which placed 34 restaurants under this heading, and was quickly adopted to describe the burgeoning food scene in Sydney in the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hughes |first=Holly |url=http://www.frommers.com/trip-ideas/food-and-drink/7-places-to-eat-sydneys-mod-oz-cuisine |title=7 Places to Eat: Sydney's Mod Oz Cuisine |website=Frommers.com |date= |accessdate=2017-11-30}}</ref>  Leading exponents of the style include [[Tetsuya Wakuda]], [[Neil Perry]] and [[Peter Gilmore (chef)|Peter Gilmore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/12/01/1070127334401.html |title=Simply Sydney |website=Theage.com.au |date=2003-12-02 |accessdate=2017-11-30}}</ref>

As of 2014, the term is considered somewhat dated, with many restaurants preferring to call their style "contemporary Australian cuisine" instead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/the-new-bentley-restaurant-is-a-stunning-journey-of-modern-australian-tastes-and-flavours-writes-elizabeth-meryment/news-story/07698804b9279e2b894aa0516aa0e829|title=Bentley a shining star of new Mod Oz|website=Dailytelegraph.com.au|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>

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