Editing Augustus Pugin (section)

==Biography==
[[File:The Grange, Ramsgate 1.jpg|thumb|[[The Grange, Ramsgate]], [[Thanet District|Thanet]], [[Kent]], England, designed by Pugin as his family home]]
[[File:St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham.jpg|thumb|[[St Chad's Cathedral]] in [[Birmingham]], England]]
[[File:St Giles RC Church Cheadle Staffs NE chapel.jpg|thumb|The northeast chapel of [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle]], [[Cheadle, Staffordshire]], England, designed by Pugin]]
[[File:Contrasted Residences for the Poor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|"Contrasted Residences for the Poor" from Pugin's ''Contrasts'']]
Pugin was the son of the French draughtsman [[Augustus Charles Pugin|Auguste Pugin]], who had immigrated to [[England]] as a result of the [[French Revolution]] and had married Catherine Welby of the Welby family of [[Denton, Lincolnshire]], England.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm |title=Pugin's Family |date=10 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610044718/http://pugin.com/pugfam.htm |access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2013}}</ref> Pugin was born on 1&nbsp;March 1812 at his parents' house in [[Bloomsbury]], London, England. Between 1821 and 1838, Pugin's father published a series of volumes of [[architectural drawing]]s, the first two entitled ''Specimens of Gothic Architecture'' and the following three ''Examples of Gothic Architecture'', that not only remained in print but were the standard references for Gothic architecture for at least the next century.

===Religion===
As a child, his mother took Pugin each Sunday to the services of the fashionable Scottish [[Presbyterian]] preacher [[Edward Irving]] (later the founder of the Holy [[Catholic Apostolic Church]]), at his chapel in Cross Street, [[Hatton Garden]], [[London Borough of Camden|Camden]], London.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|pp=43–44}}</ref> Pugin quickly rebelled against this version of Christianity: according to [[Benjamin Ferrey]], Pugin "always expressed unmitigated disgust at the cold and sterile forms of the Scottish church; and the moment he broke free from the trammels imposed on him by his mother, he rushed into the arms of a church which, pompous by its ceremonies, was attractive to his imaginative mind".<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=45}}</ref>

===Education and early ventures===
Pugin learned drawing from his father, and for a while attended [[Christ's Hospital]]. After leaving school, he worked in his father's office, and in 1825 and 1827 accompanied him on visits to [[France]].<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=146}}</ref> His first commissions independent of his father were for designs for the goldsmiths [[Rundell and Bridge]], and for designs for furniture of [[Windsor Castle]] from the upholsterers Morel and Seddon. Through a contact made while working at Windsor, he became interested in the design of theatrical scenery, and in 1831 obtained a commission to design the sets for the production of the new opera ''[[Il castello di Kenilworth|Kenilworth]]'' at the [[Royal Opera House, Covent Garden]].<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=147}}</ref> He also developed an interest in sailing, and briefly commanded a small merchant [[schooner]] trading between [[Great Britain]] and [[Holland]], which allowed him to import examples of furniture and carving from [[Flanders]], with which he later furnished his house at [[Ramsgate]] in Kent.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p148>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=148}}</ref> During one voyage in 1830, he was wrecked on the Scottish coast near [[Leith]],<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Graham, James Gillespie |last=Porter|first=Bertha|volume=22}}</ref> as a result of which he came into contact with [[Edinburgh]] architect [[James Gillespie Graham]], who advised him to abandon seafaring for architecture.<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=147–148}}</ref> He then established a business supplying historically accurate carved wood and stone detailing for the increasing number of buildings being constructed in the Gothic Revival style, but the enterprise quickly failed.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p148/>

===Marriages===
In 1831, at the age of 19, Pugin married the first of his three wives, Anne Garnet.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arthistorians.info/pugina |title=Augustus Northmore Welby Pugin|work=Dictionary of Art Historians |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=19 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619163910/http://arthistorians.info/pugina |url-status=dead}}</ref> She died a few months later in childbirth, leaving him a daughter. He had a further six children, including the future architect [[Edward Welby Pugin]], with his second wife, Louisa Burton, who died in 1844. His third wife, Jane Knill, kept a journal of their marital life, from their marriage in 1848 to Pugin's death, which was later published.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Jane |last1=Pugin |first2=Caroline |last2=Stanford |year=2004 |title=Dearest Augustus and I: The Journal of Jane Pugin |publisher=Spire Books}}</ref> Their son was the architect [[Peter Paul Pugin]].

===Salisbury===
Following his second marriage in 1833, Pugin moved to [[Salisbury]], [[Wiltshire]], with his wife,<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=93}}</ref> and in 1835 bought {{convert|1/2|acres|ha|adj=pre|of an|spell=in|}} of land in [[Alderbury]], about {{convert|1+1/2|mi||spell=in}} outside the town. On this, he built a Gothic Revival-style house for his family, which he named St Marie's Grange.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|pp=73–74}}</ref> Of it, [[Charles Eastlake]] said "he had not yet learned the art of combining a picturesque exterior with the ordinary comforts of an English home".<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=148–149}}</ref>

===Conversion to Catholicism===
In 1834, Pugin converted to [[Catholicism]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin  |encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia |via=newadvent.org |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12558b.htm |access-date=29 March 2018}}</ref> and was received into it the following year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Parliament's Pugin plaque in Salisbury |date=24 July 2012 |website=Clifton Diocese |url=http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386 |access-date=28 April 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 July 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724052849/http://www.cliftondiocese.com/386}}</ref>

British society at the start of the 19th century often discriminated against dissenters from the [[Church of England]], although things began to change during Pugin's lifetime, helping to make Pugin's eventual conversion to Catholicism more socially acceptable. For example, dissenters could not take degrees at the established universities of Oxford and Cambridge until 1871, but the [[University College London|University of London]] (later renamed University College London) was founded near Pugin's birthplace in 1826 with the express purpose of educating dissenters to degree standard (although it would not be able to confer degrees until 1836). Dissenters were also unable to serve on parish or city councils, be a member of Parliament, serve in the armed forces or be on a jury. A number of reforms across the 19th century relieved these restrictions, one of which was the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]], which allowed Catholics to become members of Parliament.

Pugin's conversion acquainted him with new patrons and employers. In 1832 he made the acquaintance of [[John Talbot, 16th Earl of Shrewsbury]], a Catholic sympathetic to his aesthetic theory and who employed him in alterations and additions to his residence of [[History of Alton Towers|Alton Towers]], which subsequently led to many more commissions.<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=150}}</ref> Shrewsbury commissioned him to build [[St Giles' Catholic Church, Cheadle|St Giles Catholic Church]], [[Cheadle, Staffordshire]], which was completed in 1846, and Pugin was also responsible for designing the oldest Catholic Church in [[Shropshire]], [[St Peter and Paul Church, Newport]].

===''Contrasts''===
In 1836, Pugin published ''Contrasts'', a polemical book which argued for the [[Gothic Revival|revival of the medieval Gothic style]], and also "a return to the faith and the social structures of the Middle Ages".<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Rosemary |date=24 February 2012 |title=Pugin, God's architect |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]  |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/feb/24/pugin-gothic-architect |access-date=19 March 2012}}</ref> The book was prompted by the passage of the [[Church Building Act]]s of 1818 and 1824, the former of which is often called the '''Million Pound Act''' due to the appropriation amount by Parliament for the construction of new Anglican churches in Britain. The new churches constructed from these funds, many of them in a Gothic Revival style due to the assertion that it was the "cheapest" style to use, were often criticised by Pugin and many others for their shoddy design and workmanship and poor liturgical standards relative to an authentic Gothic structure.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Mary |editor-last=Mulvey-Roberts |year=1998 |title=The Handbook to Gothic Literature |place=Houndsmills and London, UK |publisher=Macmillan |page=94}}</ref>

Each plate in ''Contrasts'' selected a type of urban building and contrasted the 1830 example with its 15th-century equivalent. In one example, Pugin contrasted a medieval monastic foundation, where monks fed and clothed the needy, grew food in the gardens – and gave the dead a decent burial – with "a [[panopticon]] [[Workhouse#Early Victorian workhouses|workhouse]] where the poor were beaten, half-starved and sent off after death for dissection. Each structure was the built expression of a particular view of humanity: Christianity versus [[Utilitarianism]]."<ref name=Guardian/> Pugin's biographer, Rosemary Hill, wrote: "The drawings were all calculatedly unfair. [[King's College London]] was shown from an unflatteringly skewed angle, while [[Christ Church, Oxford]], was edited to avoid showing its famous [[Tom Tower]] because that was by [[Christopher Wren]] and so not medieval. But the cumulative rhetorical force was tremendous."<ref name=Guardian/>

In 1841 he published his illustrated ''The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture'', which was premised on his two fundamental principles of Christian architecture. He conceived of "Christian architecture" as synonymous with medieval, "Gothic", or "pointed", architecture. In the work, he also wrote that contemporary craftsmen seeking to emulate the style of medieval workmanship should reproduce its methods.

===Ramsgate===
In 1841 he left [[Salisbury]],<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p150>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|pp=150–151}}</ref> having found it an inconvenient base for his growing architectural practice.<ref>{{harvp|Ferrey|1861|p=94}}</ref> He sold St Marie's Grange at a considerable financial loss,<ref>{{harvp|Eastlake|1872|p=96}}</ref> and moved temporarily to [[Cheyne Walk]] in [[Chelsea, London]]. He had, however, already purchased a parcel of land at West Cliff, [[Ramsgate]], [[Thanet District|Thanet]] in Kent, where he proceeded to build for himself a large house and, at his own expense, a [[Pugin's Church and Shrine of St Augustine|church dedicated to St Augustine]], after whom he thought himself named. He worked on this church whenever funds permitted it. His second wife died in 1844 and was buried at [[St Chad's Cathedral, Birmingham]], which he had designed.<ref name=Eastlake-1872-p150/>

===Architectural commissions===
Following the [[Burning of Parliament|destruction by fire]] of the [[Palace of Westminster]] in Westminster, London, in 1834, Pugin was employed by Sir [[Charles Barry]] to supply interior designs for his entry to the architectural competition which would determine who would build the new Palace of Westminster. Pugin also supplied drawings for the entry of James Gillespie Graham. This followed a period of employment when Pugin had worked with Barry on the interior design of [[King Edward's School, Birmingham]]. Despite his conversion to Catholicism in 1834, Pugin designed and refurbished both Anglican and Catholic churches throughout England.

Other works include St. Chad's Cathedral, [[Erdington Abbey]], and [[Oscott College]], all in [[Birmingham]], England. He also designed the collegiate buildings of St Patrick and St Mary in [[St Patrick's College, Maynooth]], [[Ireland]]; though not the collegiate chapel. His original plans included both a chapel and an ''aula maxima'' (great hall), neither of which were built because of financial constraints. The college chapel was designed by a follower of Pugin, the Irish architect [[James Joseph McCarthy]]. Also in Ireland, Pugin designed [[St Mary's Cathedral, Killarney]] (1842–45), [[St Aidan's Cathedral]] in [[Enniscorthy]] (renovated in 1996), and the Dominican Church of the Holy Cross in [[Tralee]].<ref>{{cite book |last=De Breffny |first=Brian |author-link= |date=1983 |title=Ireland: A Cultural Encyclopedia |url= |location=London |publisher=Thames and Hudson |page=201|isbn=}}</ref>  He revised the plans for [[St Michael's Church, Ballinasloe]], [[County Galway]], Ireland. Bishop [[William Wareing]] also invited Pugin to design what eventually became [[Northampton Cathedral]], a project that was completed in 1864 by one of Pugin's sons, Edward Welby Pugin.

Pugin visited [[Italy]] in 1847; his experience there confirmed his dislike of [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture]], but he found much to admire in the medieval art of northern Italy.[[File:JesusHardEWLastSupper.jpg|thumb|Detail of east window of [[Jesus College Chapel, Cambridge]], made by John [[Hardman & Co.]] to a design by Pugin (1848–1850)]]

=== Stained glass ===
Pugin was a prolific designer of stained glass.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shepherd |first=Stanley A. |year=2009 |title=The stained glass of A.W.N. Pugin |others=Carew-Cox, Alastair |publisher=Spire Books |isbn=978-1-904965-20-6 |location=Reading, UK |oclc=313657551 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/313657551 |language=en-uk }}</ref> He worked with [[Thomas Willement]], [[William Warrington]] and [[William Wailes]] before persuading his friend [[Hardman & Co.|John Hardman]] to start stained glass production.

===Illness and death===
[[File:Pugintile.jpg|thumb|Tiles designed by Pugin (c.1845–51)]]
In February 1852, while travelling with his son Edward by train, Pugin had a total breakdown and arrived in London unable to recognise anyone or speak coherently. For four months he was confined to a private asylum, [[Kensington House (academy)|Kensington House]]. In June, he was transferred to the [[Royal Bethlem Hospital]], popularly known as Bedlam. At that time, Bethlem Hospital was opposite [[St George's Cathedral, Southwark]], one of Pugin's major buildings, where he had married his third wife, Jane, in 1848. Jane and a doctor removed Pugin from Bedlam and took him to a private house in [[Hammersmith]] where they attempted therapy, and he recovered sufficiently to recognise his wife. In September, Jane took her husband back to [[The Grange, Ramsgate|The Grange]] in Ramsgate, where he died on 14 September 1852.<ref>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=484–490}}</ref> He is buried in his church next to The Grange, St. Augustine's.
[[File:The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate.jpg|thumb|The tomb of Augustus Pugin in St Augustine's Church, Ramsgate]]

On Pugin's death certificate, the cause listed was "convulsions followed by coma". Pugin's biographer, [[Rosemary Hill]], suggests that, in the last year of his life, he had had [[hyperthyroidism]] which would account for his symptoms of exaggerated appetite, perspiration, and restlessness. Hill writes that Pugin's medical history, including eye problems and recurrent illness from his early twenties, suggests that he contracted [[syphilis]] in his late teens, and this may have been the cause of his death at the age of 40.<ref name=Hill-2007-p492>{{harvp|Hill|2007|pp=492–494}}</ref>