Editing Atlantic Canada (section)

==History==
The Atlantic Provinces are the historical territories of the [[Mi'kmaq]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hornborg |first=Anne-Christine |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317096221 |title=Mi'kmaq Landscapes |date=2016-07-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-09622-1 |edition= |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315595375}}</ref> [[Naskapi]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Henriksen |first=Georg |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780857453679/html |title=Hunters in the Barrens: The Naskapi on the Edge of the White Man's World |date=2022-12-31 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-367-9 |doi=10.1515/9780857453679}}</ref> [[Beothuk]]<ref>{{Citation |last=Chare |first=Nicholas |title=Chapter 4. The Beothuk, the Great Auk and the Newfoundland Wolf: Animal and Human Genocide in Canada's Easternmost Province |date=2022-12-31 |work=Animals, Plants and Afterimages |pages=113–136 |editor-last=Bienvenue |editor-first=Valérie |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781800734265-007/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=Berghahn Books |doi=10.1515/9781800734265-007 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |isbn=978-1-80073-426-5 |editor2-last=Chare |editor2-first=Nicholas}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carr |first=Steven M. |date=2020 |title=Evidence for the persistence of ancient Beothuk and Maritime Archaic mitochondrial DNA genome lineages among modern Native American peoples |url=http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/gen-2019-0149 |journal=Genome |language=en |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=349–355 |doi=10.1139/gen-2019-0149 |pmid=32283039 |issn=0831-2796}}</ref> and [[Nunatsiavut]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cuerrier |first1=Alain |last2=Clark |first2=Courtenay |last3=Dwyer-Samuel |first3=Frédéric |last4=Rapinski |first4=Michel |date=2022 |title=Nunatsiavut, 'our beautiful land': Inuit landscape ethnoecology in Labrador, Canada |url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/10.1139/cjb-2021-0112 |journal=Botany |language=en |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=159–174 |doi=10.1139/cjb-2021-0112 |issn=1916-2790|hdl=1807/109944 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=White |first=Graham |title="We are in charge here": Inuit self-government and the Nunatsiavut Assembly |date=2023 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-5274-9 |location=Toronto Buffalo}}</ref> peoples. The people of Nunatsiavut are the Labrador [[Inuit]] (Labradormiut), who are descended from the [[Thule people]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |title=Settlement, subsistence, and change among the Labrador Inuit: the Nunatsiavummiut experience |date=2012 |publisher=Univ. of Manitoba Press |isbn=978-0-88755-419-3 |editor-last=Natcher |editor-first=David C. |series=Contemporary studies on the North |location=Winnipeg |editor-last2=Felt |editor-first2=Larry |editor-last3=Procter |editor-first3=Andrea H.}}</ref>

=== Exploration and settlement ===
[[File:Vinland-travel.jpg|left|thumb|Viking migration to modern day Newfoundland]]
[[Leif Erikson]] and other members of his family began exploring the North American coast in 986 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Wallace-Murphy |first1=Tim |title=Uncharted: a rediscovered history of voyages to the Americas before Columbus |last2=Martin |first2=James |date=2023 |publisher=New Page |isbn=978-1-63748-011-3 |location=Newburyport, MA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seaver |first=Kirsten A. |title=The frozen echo: Greenland and the exploration of North America, c. A.D. 1000 - 1500 |date=2000 |publisher=Stanford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3161-4 |location=Stanford, Calif.}}</ref> Leif landed in three places, and in the third established a small settlement called Vinland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=2009 |title=L'Anse Aux Meadows, Leif Eriksson's Home in Vinland |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.3721/037.002.s212 |journal=Journal of the North Atlantic |language=en |volume=201 |pages=114–125 |doi=10.3721/037.002.s212 |issn=1935-1933}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite book |last=Belshaw |first=John Douglas |url=https://opentextbc.ca/preconfederation2e/ |title=Canadian History: Pre-Confederation |date=2020-10-06 |publisher=BCcampus |isbn=978-1-77420-063-6 |edition=2nd |language=en}}</ref> The location of Vinland is uncertain,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooke |first=Alan |date=1965 |title=The identification of Vinland |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/identification-of-vinland/7A31727327163C1D90A084C5A99D8E66 |journal=Polar Record |language=en |volume=12 |issue=80 |pages=583–587 |doi=10.1017/S0032247400058782 |bibcode=1965PoRec..12..583C |issn=1475-3057}}</ref> but an archaeological site on the northern tip of Newfoundland at [[L'Anse aux Meadows]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nydal |first=Reidar |date=1989 |title=A Critical Review of Radiocarbon Dating of a Norse Settlement at L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland Canada |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822200012613/type/journal_article |journal=Radiocarbon |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=976–985 |doi=10.1017/S0033822200012613 |bibcode=1989Radcb..31..976N |issn=0033-8222}}</ref> has been identified as a good candidate.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallace |first=Birgitta |date=2003 |title=The Norse in Newfoundland: L'Anse aux Meadows and Vinland |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/140 |journal=Newfoundland & Labrador Studies |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |issn=1715-1430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crocker |first=Christopher |date=2020 |title=What We Talk about When We Talk about Vínland: History, Whiteness, Indigenous Erasure, and the Early Norse Presence in Newfoundland |journal=Canadian Journal of History |language=en |volume=55 |issue=1–2 |pages=91–122 |doi=10.3138/cjh-2019-0028 |issn=0008-4107|doi-access=free }}</ref> It was a modest Viking settlement and is the oldest confirmed presence of Europeans in North America.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Ledger |first1=Paul M. |last2=Girdland-Flink |first2=Linus |last3=Forbes |first3=Véronique |date=2019-07-30 |title=New horizons at L'Anse aux Meadows |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=116 |issue=31 |pages=15341–15343 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1907986116 |doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=6681721 |pmid=31308231|bibcode=2019PNAS..11615341L }}</ref> The Vikings would make brief excursions to North America for the next 200 years, though further attempts at colonization were thwarted.<ref name=":11" /> The site produced the first evidence of [[pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact]] of Europeans with the [[Americas]] outside of [[Greenland]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuitems |first1=Margot |last2=Wallace |first2=Birgitta L. |last3=Lindsay |first3=Charles |last4=Scifo |first4=Andrea |last5=Doeve |first5=Petra |last6=Jenkins |first6=Kevin |last7=Lindauer |first7=Susanne |last8=Erdil |first8=Pınar |last9=Ledger |first9=Paul M. |last10=Forbes |first10=Véronique |last11=Vermeeren |first11=Caroline |last12=Friedrich |first12=Ronny |last13=Dee |first13=Michael W. |date=2022-01-20 |title=Evidence for European presence in the Americas in ad 1021 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=601 |issue=7893 |pages=388–391 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=8770119 |pmid=34671168|bibcode=2022Natur.601..388K }}</ref>

[[Acadia]], a colony of [[New France]], was established in areas of present-day Atlantic Canada in 1604, under the leadership of [[Samuel de Champlain]] and [[Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Acadia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/history-of-acadia |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |language=en}}</ref> The French would form alliances with many indigenous groups within Atlantic Canada, including the Mi'kmaq of Acadia, who joined the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]], important allies to New France.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=Wabanaki |url=http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |access-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142815/http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

=== British expansion ===
[[File:Henry Sandham - The Coming of the Loyalists.jpg|left|thumb|Painting shows romanticised view of [[United Empire Loyalist]]s arriving in New Brunswick, ca. 1783|250x250px]]Competition for control of the island of Newfoundland and its waters contributed to major ongoing conflicts and occasional wars between France and Britain.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Baehre |first=Rainer |date=2015 |title=Reconstructing Heritage and Cultural Identity in Marginalised and Hinterland Communities: Case Studies from Western Newfoundland |url=https://journals.uclpress.co.uk/ljcs/article/id/493/ |journal=London Journal of Canadian Studies |language=en |volume=30 |issue=1 |doi=10.14324/111.444.ljcs.2015v30.003 |issn=2397-0928|doi-access=free }}</ref> The first major agreement between the two powers over access to this coastline came with the [[Peace of Utrecht|Treaty of Utrecht]] of 1713,<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Hiller |first=J.K. |date=1996 |title=The Newfoundland fisheries issue in Anglo-French treaties, 1713–1904 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539608582966 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1080/03086539608582966 |issn=0308-6534}}</ref> giving Britain governance over the entire island and establishing the first [[French Shore]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hiller |first=J. |date=1991 |title=Utrecht Revisited: The Origins of Fishing Rights in Newfoundland Waters |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/1991-v7-n1-nflds_7_1/nflds7_1art02/ |journal=Newfoundland Studies |language=en |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=23–40 |issn=1198-8614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miquelon |first=Dale |date=2001 |title=Envisioning the French Empire: Utrecht, 1711-1713 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/11904 |journal=French Historical Studies |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=653–677 |doi=10.1215/00161071-24-4-653 |issn=1527-5493}}</ref> giving France and its migratory fishery almost exclusive access to a substantial stretch of the island's coastline.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/ocm51923070 |title=The "conquest" of Acadia, 1710: imperial, colonial, and aboriginal constructions |date=2004 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-3755-8 |editor-last=Reid |editor-first=John G. |location=Toronto ; Buffalo |oclc=ocm51923070}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Laxer |first=James |title=The Acadians in search of a homeland |date=2006 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-66108-9 |location=S.l.}}</ref> 

Despite reoccurring wars and conflicts, Britain acquiesced to France's demands for continuing access to this fishery.<ref name=":10" /> Between 1755 and 1764 during the [[Seven Years' War]] the British forcibly removed thousands of Acadians from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in an event known as the [[Expulsion of the Acadians|Great Expulsion]] or Le Grand Dérangement.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Grenier |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |title=The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8061-3876-3 |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230403191603/https://books.google.com/books?id=TXoCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 |archive-date=April 3, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the Seven Years War and the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1763, Newfoundland's governor, Admiral [[Hugh Palliser]], consolidated British control by carrying out the first systematic hydrographic charting of the island,<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Palliser, Sir Hugh, first baronet (1723–1796), naval officer and politician |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-21165 |access-date=2024-10-06 |date=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/21165}}</ref> including the [[Bay of Islands, Newfoundland and Labrador|Bay of Islands]] and [[Humber Arm]], much of it by the Royal Naval officer [[James Cook]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Janzen |first=Olaf U. |title=Showing the Flag: Hugh Palliser in Western Newfoundland, 1763-1766 |date=2013-01-01 |work=War and Trade in Eighteenth-Century Newfoundland |pages=155–172 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010 |access-date=2024-10-06 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781927869024.003.0010 |isbn=978-1-927869-02-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Harley |first=Brian |title=The Legacy of James Cook: The story of the Bay of Islands. |publisher=Robinson Blackmore |year=1998 |isbn=978-0968447604 |language=en}}</ref>

After the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1764 some of the Acadians returned and settled in the area that would become New Brunswick.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Pratson |first=Frederick |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoeasternca0000prat |title=Guide to Eastern Canada |publisher=The Globe Pequot Press |year=1995 |editor-last=Loverseed |editor-first=Helga |edition=5th |location=Old Saybrook, Connecticut |isbn=978-1-56440-635-4 |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> The effect of this migration can still be seen today as the province of New Brunswick is the only officially [[Language policies of Canada's provinces and territories#New Brunswick|bilingual province in Canada]] with over a quarter of residents speaking French at home.<ref>{{Cite news |last=MacKinnon |first=Bobbi-Jean |date=2023-12-11 |title=Official languages commissioner slams Higgs government over 'opportunity lost' |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/new-brunswick/official-languages-commissioner-new-brunswick-report-2022-23-shirley-maclean-1.7055113 |access-date=2024-10-05 |work=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Bokhorst-Heng |first1=Wendy D. |title=Chapter 11 "I want to be bilingual!" Contested imaginings of bilingualism in New Brunswick, Canada |date=2021-11-08 |work=The Changing Face of the "Native Speaker" |pages=285–314 |editor-last=Slavkov |editor-first=Nikolay |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781501512353-012/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9781501512353-012 |isbn=978-1-5015-1235-3 |last2=Marshall |first2=Kelle L. |editor2-last=Melo-Pfeifer |editor2-first=Sílvia |editor3-last=Kerschhofer-Puhalo |editor3-first=Nadja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Linda |date=2005 |title=SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE IN CANADA'S OFFICIALLY BILINGUAL PROVINCE: Challenges and Opportunities |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41669832 |journal=Canadian Social Work Review / Revue canadienne de service social |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=131–154 |jstor=41669832 |issn=0820-909X}}</ref>

=== Loyalist and British usage ===
[[File:RoseFortuneNovaScotiaArchievesandRecordsManagement.jpg|thumb|Rose Fortune, daughter of Fortune a free Negro, who immigrated to Nova Scotia as a child after the American Revolution.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Archives |first=Nova Scotia |date=2020-04-20 |title=Nova Scotia Archives - African Nova Scotians in the Age of Slavery and Abolition |url=https://archives.novascotia.ca/africanns/archives/?ID=30 |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Nova Scotia Archives}}</ref>|220x220px]]After the conclusion of the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]] with the signing of the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783 many [[United Empire Loyalist|loyalists]] from the United States settled in the region.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Reid |first1=John G. |last2=Bowen |first2=H.V. |last3=Mancke |first3=Elizabeth |date=2009 |title=Is There a "Canadian" Atlantic World? |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/084387140902100112 |journal=International Journal of Maritime History |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=263–295 |doi=10.1177/084387140902100112 |issn=0843-8714}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Lemer-Fleury |first=Alice |date=2018-12-31 |title=Colonial policies and propaganda: the making of British North America as an anti-republican refuge after the War of Independence (c. 1783–1815) |url=http://journals.openedition.org/eccs/1425 |journal=Études canadiennes / Canadian Studies |issue=85 |pages=29–48 |doi=10.4000/eccs.1425 |issn=0153-1700}}</ref> This influx of immigrants caused the [[partition of Nova Scotia]] creating New Brunswick.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilroy |first=Marion |date=1933-12-01 |title=The Partition of Nova Scotia, 1784 |url=https://utpjournals.press/doi/10.3138/chr-014-04-02 |journal=Canadian Historical Review |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=375–391 |doi=10.3138/chr-014-04-02 |issn=0008-3755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lennox |first=Jeffers |date=2015 |title=A Time and a Place: The Geography of British, French, and Aboriginal Interactions in Early Nova Scotia, 1726–44 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=423–460 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.72.3.0423 |issn=0043-5597}}</ref> Additionally these immigrants changed the culture and character of the region which had historically been French towards more British styled communities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Condon |first=Ann Gorman |date=1987-01-01 |title=Loyalist Style and the Culture of the Atlantic Seaboard |url=https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/17300 |journal=Material Culture Review |language=en |issn=1927-9264}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Errington |first=Jane |date=2012 |title=Loyalists and Loyalism in the American Revolution and Beyond |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2012-v41-n2-acad_41_2/acad41_2re01/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=164–174 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref> It also marked one of the first large waves of migration to the area that established a predominantly [[English Canadians|Anglo-Canadian]] population.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mancke |first=Elizabeth |date=1997 |title=Another British America: A Canadian model for the early modern British Empire |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03086539708582991 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |language=en |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=1–36 |doi=10.1080/03086539708582991 |issn=0308-6534}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bogdanowicz |first=Mateusz |date=2020-12-01 |title=Hope Restored: the United Empire Loyalist Settlement in British North America, 1775–1812 |url=https://czasopisma.uwm.edu.pl/index.php/ep/article/view/6139 |journal=Echa Przeszłości |issue=XXI/1 |doi=10.31648/ep.6139 |issn=1509-9873|doi-access=free }}</ref> Some of the new settlers brought with them Black slaves.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=James |date=1999 |title=Myth, History and Revisionism:: The Black Loyalists Revisited |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/1999-v29-n1-acadiensis_29_1/acad29_1for02/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=88–105 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Frost |first=Karolyn Smardz |title=2. Planting Slavery in Nova Scotia's Promised Land, 1759–1775 |date=2022-01-27 |pages=53–84 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.3138/9781487529185-004/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |language=en |doi=10.3138/9781487529185-004 |isbn=978-1-4875-2918-5}}</ref> Also 3,000 [[Black Loyalist|Black loyalists]] who were slaves during the war and who sided with the British were given freedom and evacuated with other Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohls |first=Elizabeth A. |date=2024 |title=John Marrant's Nova Scotia Journal Writes Displaced Communities |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/934202 |journal=Early American Literature |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=293–312 |doi=10.1353/eal.2024.a934202 |issn=1534-147X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Lepore |first=Jill |date=2006-04-30 |title=Goodbye, Columbus |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/05/08/goodbye-columbus |access-date=2024-10-05 |magazine=The New Yorker |language=en-US |issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Most of the free Blacks settled at [[Birchtown]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grant |first=John N. |date=1973 |title=Black Immigrants into Nova Scotia, 1776-1815 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/2716777 |journal=The Journal of Negro History |language=en |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=253–270 |doi=10.2307/2716777 |jstor=2716777 |issn=0022-2992}}</ref> the most prominent Black township in [[North America]] at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Walker |first=James W. St G. |title=The Black Loyalists: the search for a promised land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone; 1783 - 1870 |date=1999 |publisher=Univ. of Toronto Press |isbn=978-0-8020-7402-7 |edition=Repr |location=Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Hidden from History: Black Loyalists at Country Harbour, Nova Scotia |date=2013-09-13 |work=Moving On |pages=63–82 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315052090-9 |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315052090-9 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |isbn=978-1-315-05209-0}}</ref>

The [[War of 1812]] significantly impacted the provinces of Atlantic Canada where they played crucial roles in naval operations, privateering,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kert |first=Faye Margaret |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21pxjkw |title=Prize and Prejudice: Privateering and Naval Prize in Atlantic Canada in the War of 1812 |date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78694-923-3 |doi=10.2307/j.ctt21pxjkw|jstor=j.ctt21pxjkw }}</ref> and as strategic support bases for the British war effort against the United States.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stranack |first=Ian |title=The Andrew and the Onions: the story of the Royal Navy in Bermuda, 1795-1975 |date=1990 |publisher=Bermuda Maritime Museum Press |isbn=978-0-921560-03-6 |edition=2nd |location=Old Royal Navy Dockyard, Bermuda |language=en}}</ref>

=== Immigration ===
In the last half of the 19th century the region's population grew due to the immigration from Ireland due to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|great potato famine]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Willeen |first=Keough |title=The Slender Thread: Irish Women on the Southern Avalon |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Irish in Atlantic Canada: 1780-1900 |date=1991 |publisher=New Ireland Press |isbn=978-0-920483-18-3 |editor-last=Power |editor-first=Thomas P. |location=Fredericton}}</ref> [[Saint John, New Brunswick|Saint John]] and [[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]], both port cities, particularly received a significant influx of Irish immigrants within the region,<ref>{{cite web |last1=McGowan |first1=Mark G. |title=Overview: Irish Migration and Settlement in Canada |url=https://www.ireland.ie/en/canada/ottawa/news-and-events/news-archive/overview-irish-migration-and-settlement-in-canada/ |website=[[Embassy of Ireland, Ottawa]] |access-date=October 8, 2024 |language=en |date=July 31, 2023}}</ref> with Saint John's quarantine station on [[Partridge Island (Saint John County)|Partridge Island]] being the second-busiest in British North America during the [[epidemic typhus]] outbreak.<ref>{{cite web |last1=James-Abra |first1=Erin |title=Partridge Island |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/partridge-island |website=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |access-date=October 8, 2024 |language=en |date=February 7, 2006}}</ref>

The first [[Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador|premier of Newfoundland]], [[Joey Smallwood]], coined the term "Atlantic Canada" when the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] joined Canada in 1949.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Slumkoski |first=Corey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc |title=Inventing Atlantic Canada: Regionalism and the Maritime Reaction to Newfoundland's Entry into Canadian Confederation |date=2011 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-1158-0 |jstor=10.3138/j.ctt2ttxrc }}</ref> He believed that it would have been presumptuous for Newfoundland to assume that it could include itself within the existing term "[[The Maritimes|Maritime provinces]]," which was used to describe the cultural similarities shared by [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], and [[Nova Scotia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Overton |first=James |date=2000 |title=Sparking A Cultural Revolution: Joey Smallwood, Farley Mowat, Harold Horwood and Newfoundland's Cultural Renaissance |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/nflds/2000-v16-n2-nflds_16_2/nflds16_2art04/ |journal=Newfoundland Studies |language=en |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=166–204 |issn=1198-8614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lowenthal |first=David |date=2017 |title=Canadian Historical Nonchalance and Newfoundland Exceptionalism |url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/acadiensis/2017-v46-n1-acad_46_1/acad46_1pp02/ |journal=Acadiensis |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=152–162 |issn=0044-5851}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Citation |last=Buckner |first=Phillip |title=The Maritimes and the Debate Over Confederation |date=2018-11-30 |work=Reconsidering Confederation |pages=101–143 |editor-last=Heidt |editor-first=Daniel |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781773850177-007/html |access-date=2024-10-05 |publisher=University of Calgary Press |doi=10.1515/9781773850177-007 |isbn=978-1-77385-017-7}}</ref> The other provinces of Atlantic Canada entered [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] during the 19th century with New Brunswick and Nova Scotia being founding members of the Dominion of Canada in 1867,<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Moore |first=Christopher |url=https://archive.org/details/1867howfathersma0000moor |title=1867: How the Fathers Made a Deal |publisher=M&S |year=1997 |location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada |access-date=2024-10-05}}</ref> and later Prince Edward Island joined in 1873.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kennedy |first=Gilbert D. |date=1949–1950 |title=Amendment of the British North America Acts in Relation to British Columbia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/utlj8&div=17&id=&page= |journal=University of Toronto Law Journal |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=208–217|doi=10.2307/824545 |jstor=824545 }}</ref>